Abstract: To compute an image of a dynamic 3D scene comprising a 3D object, a description of a deformation of the 3D object is received, the description comprising a cage of primitive 3D elements and associated animation data from a physics engine or an articulated object model. For a pixel of the image the method computes a ray from a virtual camera through the pixel into the cage animated according to the animation data and computes a plurality of samples on the ray. Each sample is a 3D position and view direction in one of the 3D elements. The method computes a transformation of the samples into a canonical cage. For each transformed sample, the method queries a learnt radiance field parameterization of the 3D scene to obtain a color value and an opacity value. A volume rendering method is applied to the color and opacity values producing a pixel value of the image.