Abstract: An electrochromic element in which a decrease in responsiveness is minimized by making a laminated structure have gas barrier properties, and a lens for spectacles, the electrochromic element in which a support and an electrochromic film having an electrode layer and an electrochromic layer are laminated, wherein a barrier layer is laminated in the laminated structure constituting the electrochromic element. The barrier layer preferably has gas barrier properties and transparency.

Abstract: A frequency selective reflector including a reflecting member reflecting the electromagnetic waves; and a dielectric layer that: is disposed at an incident side of the electromagnetic waves with respect to the reflecting member; includes a concave and convex structure in which a plurality of a unit structure including a thickness distribution of increasing thickness in a predetermined direction is arranged; and transmits the electromagnetic waves, wherein the unit structure of the dielectric layer includes a plurality of cell regions of which thickness differs from one another; the dielectric layer includes, as the unit structure, at least a first unit structure including three or more of the cell regions of which thickness differs from one another; and a reflection direction of the electromagnetic waves is controlled by controlling a relative reflection phase distribution of the electromagnetic waves by the thickness distribution of the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an electronic light-modulating device that obtains a light-modulating effect by supplying electrical energy to an electronic element overlapping an optical element includes: forming a laminate in which a pair of electrode layers and a light-modulating layer between the pair of electrode layers are laminated; and setting, in the laminate, an overlapping region having a shape overlapping the optical element in a formation region of the light-modulating layer, setting two or more terminal regions which are continuous to an outer side of the overlapping region and in which one and the other of the pair of electrode layers are independently present, and cutting a portion including the overlapping region and the terminal regions from the laminate to form the electronic element. As a result, production efficiency is improved.

Abstract: A 3D image display device. The device may include: a display unit displaying left-eye and right-eye images alternately; a display-side polarizing plate arranged on the side of a display surface of the display unit; and shutter glasses having left-eye and right-eye shutters, and opening and closing a shutter in accordance with display states of images on the display unit. A shutter includes a liquid crystal cell, a retardation plate arranged at the liquid crystal cell, and a first glasses-side polarizing plate arranged at the liquid crystal cell on the side opposite to the retardation plate. Polarization axes of the display-side polarizing plate and the first glasses-side polarizing plate are orthogonal. The polarization axis of the display-side polarizing plate and a retardation axis of the retardation plate are parallel or orthogonal.

Abstract: A 3D image display device. The device may include: a display unit displaying left-eye and right-eye images alternately; a display-side polarizing plate arranged on the side of a display surface of the display unit; and shutter glasses having left-eye and right-eye shutters, and opening and closing a shutter in accordance with display states of images on the display unit. A shutter includes a liquid crystal cell, a retardation plate arranged at the liquid crystal cell, and a first glasses-side polarizing plate arranged at the liquid crystal cell on the side opposite to the retardation plate. Polarization axes of the display-side polarizing plate and the first glasses-side polarizing plate are orthogonal. The polarization axis of the display-side polarizing plate and a retardation axis of the retardation plate are parallel or orthogonal.

Abstract: A video display system includes a video display unit time-divisionally performing switching between a plurality of video streams to display the video streams, thereby emitting linear polarized display light; and shutter eyeglasses performing switching between open state to transmit incident light and closed state to block the incident light in synchronization with the switching between the video streams in the video display unit, each eyeglass in the shutter eyeglasses including a liquid crystal device, an entrance-side polarization plate provided on a light entrance side of the liquid crystal device and an exit-side polarization plate provided on a light exit side thereof. Polarization degree in the entrance-side polarization plate is lower than that in the exit-side polarization plate.

Abstract: A laser diode capable of operating at high temperature by preventing carrier overflow is provided. A laser diode includes an AlGaInP-based laminate configuration including at least a lower cladding layer, an active layer and an upper cladding layer in this order, wherein the AlGaInP-based laminate configuration receives a larger compressive stress than 2200 ppm from a stress source.

Abstract: A laser diode capable of operating at high temperature by preventing carrier overflow is provided. A laser diode includes an AlGaInP-based laminate configuration including at least a lower cladding layer, an active layer and an upper cladding layer in this order, wherein the AlGaInP-based laminate configuration receives a larger compressive stress than 2200 ppm from a stress source.

Abstract: Flat panel displays, such as field emission displays (FEDs) and plasma displays are provided having reduced through-vacuum interconnects by incorporating driver circuitry on the same substrate as the active display region of the display device. In one implementation, vacuum-sealed image display device comprises a substrate; an active display region on the substrate and including addressable rows and columns defining pixels; and driver ICs on the substrate, outputs of each driver IC coupled to the rows and columns, the drivers ICs adapted to drive the active display region to display an image. The device also comprises a vacuum envelope forming a sealed volume containing at least a portion of the substrate, the active display region and the driver ICs, the sealed volume maintained in a vacuum, the vacuum envelope defining a vacuum border. As the resolution of flat panel displays increases, reducing interconnects becomes increasingly important.

Abstract: A PALC display apparatus comprising groups of cathode electrodes K and groups of anode electrodes A, each group consisting of, for example, three electrodes. The cathode electrodes of each group are connected by a multi-connection line KK, and the anode electrodes of each group are connected by a multi-connection line AA. Thus, a plurality of multi-connection lines KK and a plurality of multi-connection lines AA are provided. Of these multi-connection lines, two lines KK and two lines AA are selected. A voltage is applied to the cathode electrodes K connected by the selected multi-connection lines KK, and a voltage of the opposite polarity is applied to the anode electrodes A connected by the selected multi-connection lines AA. Discharge is thereby effected between the selected electrodes only. Therefore, the PALC display apparatus can be manufactured at low cost and can display high-quality images.

Abstract: A plasma addressing display device has a flat panel structure in which a display cell and a plasma cell are stacked to each other. The plasma cell has discharge electrodes formed on a lower substrate in such a manner as to extend along the discharge channels, and barrier ribs formed in such a manner as to partition adjacent ones of the discharge channels from each other. The feature of the present invention lies in the discharge electrodes. The discharge electrode is composed of a pair of longitudinal electrode portions disposed on both sides of the barrier rib, and a plurality of crossarm electrode portions disposed on the underside of the barrier rib in such a manner as to connect the longitudinal electrode portions to each other. The discharge electrode has a ladder structure as a whole.

Abstract: A plasma driving circuit for sequentially discharging and driving a plurality of plasma channels. The circuit comprises a plurality of complementary switches provided correspondingly to the plasma channels; a constant current source connected in common to each of the complementary switches and supplying a predetermined discharge current thereto; a scanner for sequentially controlling the on/off actions of the complementary switches and distributing the discharge current to the corresponding plasma channels; and a suppressing circuitry included in the output stage of each of the complementary switches and serving to suppress the output of a rush current which results from a capacitive component existent in each of the complementary switches. The suppressing means is a diode element having a capacitive component sufficiently smaller than the capacitive component existent in each complementary switch, and a resistance element is connected in series to the diode element.

Abstract: A plasma-addressed display device whose discharge is stabilized and which is thereby suitable for the mass production of large plasma-addressed display devices having a size in the order of meters, comprising: a first substrate having a plurality of data electrodes arranged in parallel to each other; a dielectric sheet, the first substrate and the dielectric sheet being disposed face-to-face to form a display chamber therebetween; a second substrate having a plurality of discharge electrodes, and a plurality of barrier ribs each of which is located on one of the discharge electrodes to define a discharge channel between adjacent barrier ribs, the second substrate and the dielectric sheet being disposed face-to-face to form a discharge chamber therebetween, the data electrodes and discharge channel being arranged so that they are spaced apart in the vertical and horizontal directions, respectively, each of the discharge electrodes having a width larger than the respective one barrier rib in such a manner that

Abstract: A plasma addressed liquid crystal display device having a plasma cell and a liquid crystal cell stacked one above the other is manufactured by a method of forming stripe-shaped barrier ribs by printing to a substrate on which a plurality of plasma electrodes are previously formed, filling a temporary reinforcing material between each of the stripe-shaped barrier ribs to bury the periphery of the individual barrier ribs, polishing to planarize a top portion of each of the barrier ribs buried in the reinforcing material, removing the temporary reinforcing material to expose the plasma electrodes and finally joining a dielectric sheet in contact with the planarized top portions of the barrier ribs, to assemble a plasma cell. Barrier ribs formed in the plasma cell of the plasma addressed liquid crystal display device can be polished stably with no worry of destruction.

Abstract: To improve the durability of discharge electrodes formed in a plasma cell and achieve fine detail, a plasma-addressed display device is provided having a laminated structure with a display cell 1 provided with column-arranged, stripe-shaped signal electrodes 5, a plasma cell 2 provided with row-arranged, stripe-shaped discharge electrodes 9, and a dielectric sheet 3 sandwiched in between the display cell 1 and the plasma cell 2. The portions where the signal electrodes 5 and the discharge electrodes 9 intersect define pixels. The plasma cell 2 includes an insulating substrate 8 bonded to the dielectric sheet 3 with a gap therebetween to form a cell and a gas that ionizes when a voltage is applied to the discharge electrodes 9 sealed in the cell.

Abstract: To suppress the discharge current in a plasma cell incorporated in a display device, thereby extending the useful service life of the plasma cell and stabilizing the operation characteristics of the plasma cell, the display device includes a plasma cell 2, which includes a pair of substrates 3 and 8 bonded together with a space defined therebetween, discharge electrodes 9 and 9a formed on at least the substrate 8, and an ionizable gas sealed in this space. The discharge electrodes 9 and 9a are grouped into plural pairs of anodes A and cathodes K parallel to each other, thus forming a plurality of discharge channels 12 extending in lines. At least each cathode K is partially covered with insulators 13 periodically arranged, thereby limiting the effective area of each discharge electrode 9a to suppress the discharge current.

Abstract: To improve the durability of discharge electrodes formed in a plasma cell and achieve fine detail, a plasma-addressed display device is provided having a laminated structure with a display cell 1 provided with column-arranged, stripe-shaped signal electrodes 5, a plasma cell 2 provided with row-arranged, stripe-shaped discharge electrodes 9, and a dielectric sheet 3 sandwiched in between the display cell 1 and the plasma cell 2. The portions where the signal electrodes 5 and the discharge electrodes 9 intersect define pixels. The plasma cell 2 includes an insulating substrate 8 bonded to the dielectric sheet 3 with a gap therebetween to form a cell and a gas that ionizes when a voltage is applied to the discharge electrodes 9 sealed in the cell. The discharge electrodes 9 are constituted by electrically conductive material embedded into grooves 13 dug in rows into the insulating substrate 8.

Abstract: A discharge chamber wherein incomplete discharge arising from a discharge electrode surface condition is suppressed and a manufacturing method for the discharge chamber are disclosed. The discharge chamber includes a first substrate, a plurality of discharge electrodes formed on a surface of the first substrate by printing and baking, a second substrate adhered to the first substrate with a predetermined gap left therebetween, and ionizable gas enclosed in the gap. The discharge electrodes have clean surfaces from which insulating substances have been removed, and have a uniform composition in a horizontal direction and a depthwise direction. A plurality of barrier ribs are formed between the first and second substrates by printing and baking such that they overlap partially with the discharge electrodes. Insulating substances which make an obstacle to plasma discharge have been removed from exposed portions of the discharge electrodes at which the discharge electrodes are not covered with the barrier ribs.

Abstract: A plasma addressed liquid display device includes a liquid crystal chamber having row-shaped signal electrodes, and a plasma chamber having column-shaped discharge channels and overlapped on the liquid crystal chamber. A scanning circuit sequentially applies a selective pulse to a cathode within a pair of plasma electrodes so as to excite gas atoms filled into the discharge channels from the ground state to the metastable state, so that the line sequential scanning operation is carried out. A drive circuit sequentially applies a data pulse to each of the signal electrodes in synchronism with this line sequential scanning operation, so that a desirable image display is performed. The operations of the scanning circuit and the drive circuit are so controlled as to satisfy a predetermined time sequential relationship t.sub.1 <t.sub.2 <t.sub.3. It should be noted that t.sub.1 indicates a time instant when the release of the applied selective pulse is complete, t.sub.

Abstract: A plasma addressing electro-optical device including a first substrate having a major surface: a plurality of first electrodes formed on the major surface of the first substrate so as to extend in substantially parallel relationship to each other; a second substrate having a major surface opposed to the major surface of the first substrate; a plurality of second electrodes formed on the major surface of the second substrate so as to extend in substantially parallel relationship to each other to generate plasma addressing between adjacent ones of the second electrodes; an electro-optical material layer formed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a plasma discharge chamber formed between the electro-optical material layer and the second substrate so as to seal an ionizable gas therein. The plasma discharge chamber has a height of about 75% or more of a distance between the adjacent ones of the second electrodes.