Abstract: According to the present invention, hybridization reaction and washing steps can be carried out continuously without taking out the substrate from the apparatus, thereby simplifying manipulation of the experiment. A reaction solution or a washing solution is injected with a pump 6 and discharged with a pump 22 into and from a case 3 which accommodates a substrate 1 immobilized with biological substances. As the substrate 1, a disc-shaped substrate with a throughhole at the center is used. An agitator 2 is placed in the throughhole to agitate the reaction solution or the washing solution during the hybridization reaction or the subsequent washing, thereby shortening the reaction time and the washing time.

Abstract: According to the present invention, hybridization reaction and washing steps can be carried out continuously without taking out the substrate from the apparatus, thereby simplifying manipulation of the experiment.

Abstract: The invention provides a charging roller for electrically charging a photoconductor by placing the roller in contact with the photoconductor and applying voltage between them. The roller has an elastic shaft and an outermost layer of less than 30 .mu.m thick containing an aqueous fluorocarbon resin. The charging roller is effective for providing a constant supply of electric charge to the photoconductor and preventing residual toner from depositing onto the roller.

Abstract: The invention provides a charging member for electrically charging an object by placing the member in contact with the object and applying voltage between them. The member includes a shaft and an elastic layer and a conductive layer successively formed around the shaft, and has a capacitance of up to 1.times.10.sup.-9 F. and preferably a surface roughness of up to 20 .mu.m on JIS ten point mean roughness scale. The charging member is effective for suppressing charging noise.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a positive electrode of vanadium pentoxide, a negative electrode of lithium-doped carbonaceous material, and an organic electrolyte liquid containing a lithium salt. The electric capacities of the positive and negative materials are selected such that the electric capacity of the carbonaceous material at a potential of 1 volt or lower vs. lithium counter electrode is 0.8 to 1.8 times the electric capacity of vanadium pentoxide at a potential of 2.5 volts or higher vs. lithium counter electrode. Graphitized mesophase microspheres resulting from carbonization of pitch is preferred carbonaceous material. The battery is improved in both charge/discharge cycle and overdischarge properties.

Abstract: An electric cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte maintains excellent performance when the positive electrode is an electro-conductive polymer composite including a mesh stainless steel having a wire diameter of about 35-120 .mu.m and an electro-conductive polymer, typically polyaniline, integrally deposited onto the mesh by electrolytic polymerization. A container having the elements received therein is provided with a vent mechanism.

Abstract: A non-aqueous secondary cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte is provided wherein the positive electrode comprises as an active material polyaniline containing 15 to 30% by weight of BF.sub.4.

Abstract: A polyaniline is highly conductive and less corrosive when it contains up to 7 mol % of benzenoid-ammonium salt state and up to 25 mol % of quinoid-diimine state, based on the total molar amount of the polyaniline.