Abstract: A process for producing a polyhydric alcohol includes a step (I) of hydrogenating hemiacetal having a specific structure to obtain a reaction solution (I), and a step (II) of adding water to the reaction solution (I) obtained in the step (I) and further conducting hydrogenation.

Abstract: A polyester polyol from which a polyurethane having acid resistance and alkali resistance can be produced. A polyester polyol containing 1,3-propandiol having an alicyclic skeleton in a side chain, 3-methyl-1,5-pantanediol, and a dibasic acid component as constituent components.

Abstract: To provide a polyester polyol which can prevent gelation during the urethane formation reaction in the production of a polyurethane and from which a polyurethane having stable quality can be produced. A polyester polyol containing 1,3-propanediol having an alicyclic skeleton in a side chain and a dibasic acid component as constituent components, which has an alkali metal content of 20 ppm by mass or less.

Abstract: To provide a polyester polyol from which a polyurethane having acid resistance and alkali resistance can be produced. A polyester polyol containing 1,3-propanediol having an alicyclic skeleton in a side chain, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol and a dibasic acid component as constituent components.

Abstract: A process for producing a polyhydric alcohol includes a step (I) of hydrogenating hemiacetal having a specific structure to obtain a reaction solution (I), and a step (II) of adding water to the reaction solution (I) obtained in the step (I) and further conducting hydrogenation.

Abstract: The method of the invention for continuously producing 2,5-dihydrofuran includes subjecting cis-2-butene-1,4-diol to liquid-phase dehydration-cyclization reaction in the presence of alumina, characterized in that the sum of the concentration of carbonyl compounds present in the reaction system and the concentration of acetal compounds present in the reaction system is controlled to fall within a range of 0.1 to 2 mol/L, provided that the concentration of the acetal compounds is calculated in terms of acetal groups, the concentrations being determined on the basis of the total amount of the reaction mixture. According to the method, 2,5-dihydrofuran, which is useful as a raw material or intermediate for producing pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, raw materials of polymers, etc., can be continuously produced. The method can prevent inactivation of ?-alumina and is advantageous for long-term production on an industrial scale.

Abstract: The method of the invention for continuously producing 2,5-dihydrofuran includes subjecting cis-2-butene-1,4-diol to liquid-phase dehydration-cyclization reaction in the presence of alumina, characterized in that the sum of the concentration of carbonyl compounds present in the reaction system and the concentration of acetal compounds present in the reaction system is controlled to fall within a range of 0.1 to 2 mol/L, provided that the concentration of the acetal compounds is calculated in terms of acetal groups, the concentrations being determined on the basis of the total amount of the reaction mixture. According to the method, 2,5-dihydrofuran, which is useful as a raw material or intermediate for producing pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, raw materials of polymers, etc., can be continuously produced. The method can prevent inactivation of ?-alumina and is advantageous for long-term production on an industrial scale.

Abstract: An escalator system includes an endless conveyor belt having an outer flexible layer adapted to receive an object to be conveyed on a surface thereof, an intermediate flexible layer provided with internal reinforcement members extending transversely relative to the belt and arranged spaced in a moving direction of the belt, the intermediate flexible layer having a surface held in tight contact with another surface of the outer flexible layer, and an inner flexible layer provided with internal longitudinal members extending in the moving direction of the belt. The inner flexible layer has one surface held in tight contact with a transversely central part of the other surface of the intermediate flexible layer, a pair of pulleys arranged respectively at a conveyance starting point and a conveyance terminating point, the conveyor belt being wound around the pulleys.

Abstract: The method involves treating a cellulose fiber-containing structure with an alkaline agent, coating the structure with an acid chloride having the following formula: ##STR1## (wherein X is --H, --NO.sub.2, --CH.sub.3 or --SO.sub.2 Cl) and subjecting the resultant structure to heat treatment to cause chemical modification. The acid chloride is employed in the form of an emulsion in water. The emulsion may also contain a thickener such as a natural sizing agent or a dye. The method provides a more dyeable cellulose fiber-containing structure.

Abstract: This invention provides a method of dyeing a fibrous structure containing cellulose fibers. The method includes the steps of impregnating the fibrous structure with an alkaline compound in an amount of from 1 to 20% by weight based on the weight of the fibrous structure and with a modifying agent, the molar ratio of the alkaline compound to the modifying agent being 0.1 to 2.0, and the modifying agent being a compound of the formula ##STR1## where X is --H, --NO.sub.2, --CH.sub.3, or --SO.sub.2 Cl; effecting chemical modification of the impregnated fibrous structure by heat-treating it under steaming or dry heating conditions; and then dyeing the modified fibrous structure with a dye such as a disperse dye.

Abstract: A new method for the production of intermediates in the synthesis of an optically active biotin, which comprises reacting a dicarboxylic acid of the formula: ##SPC1##Or its reactive derivative with an optically active primary amine, reducing the resulting trione with a metal hydride, hydrolyzing the resultant amide-alcohol and treating the thus produced lactone with a thiolactonating agent to give a thiolactone of the formula: ##SPC2##, the said trione and amide-alcohol being respectively novel and representable by the formulae: ##SPC3##

Abstract: A penicillin of the formula: ##STR1## wherein ##STR2## is a six-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms as the hetero atom, Y is hydrogen, lower alkanoyl or lower alkoxycarbonyl, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkanoyl, benzoyl, lower alkylmercapto, hydroxyl, mercapto, hydroxy(lower)alkyl, halogen or cyano or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 may link together to form a lower alkylene chain which may be substituted with an oxo group, and Z is phenyl, hydroxyphenyl, lower alkyl, cyclohexadienyl, thienyl or isothiazolyl, which is prepared by reacting a compound of the formula: ##STR3## wherein Z is as defined above or its derivative with a carboxylic acid of the formula: ##STR4## wherein ##STR5## and R.sub.

Abstract: Novel penicillins of the formula: ##STR1## wherein the ring A is a benzene ring or a 5 or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing one or two nitrogen atoms as the hetero atom, on which one or more of lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, lower haloalkyl, lower alkylenedioxy halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, free or protected amino, lower alkylamino, di(lower)alkylamino and lower alkanoylamino may be present, Z is a nitrogen atom or a methylene group, X is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, Y is a hydrogen atom, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group or a lower alkanoyl group, R.sub.1 is a free or protected hydroxyl group and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, and their non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and their preparation.

Abstract: Novel penicillin derivatives of the formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a lower alkyl group and R.sup.2 represents an ester protective group, as hereinafter defined and 7-amino-3-desacetoxycephalosporanic acid derivatives of the formula (II) ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1 represents a lower alkyl group and R.sup.2 represents an ester protective group, which are useful as precursors for the production of cephalosporin derivatives, and an improved process for producing cephalosporin derivatives of the formula (II) above and the formula (III) ##STR3## wherein R.sup.2 is an ester protective group, are disclosed.

Abstract: Novel penicillins of the formula ##SPC1##Wherein ##EQU1## represents a substituted or unsubstituted benzene or nitrogen atom-containing heteroaromatic ring which may be substituted, ##EQU2## represents a pyridine, pyrazine or pyridazine ring, X represents an oxygen or sulfur atom, Y represents a hydrogen atom or a loer alkoxycarbonyl or lower alkanoyl group, and R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each a hydrogen or halogen atom or a nitro, lower alkylamino, di(lower)alkylamino, aine, lower alkoxycarbonylamino, lower alkanoylamino, amino(lower)alkyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxyl, sulfamoyl, trifluoromethyl, lower alkylthio or lower alkylsulfonyl group, excluding the cases where all of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are hydrogen atoms and where R.sub.1 is a hydroxyl group and R.sub.2 and R.sub.

Abstract: Novel penicillins of the formula: ##SPC1##Wherein the ring A is a benzene ring or a 5 or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing one or two nitrogen atoms as the hetero atom, on which one or more of lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, lower haloalkyl, lower alkylenedioxy, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, free or protected amino, lower alkylamino, di(lower)alkylamino and lower alkanoylamino may be present, Z is a nitrogen atom or a methylene group, X is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, Y is a hydrogen atom, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group or a lower alkanoyl group, R.sub.1 is a free or protected hydroxyl group and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, and their non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and their preparation.

Abstract: A penicillin of the formula: ##SPC1##Wherein A is a substituted or unsubstituted condensed aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, R is hydrogen or lower alkyl, X is oxygen or sulfur, Y is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkanoyl or lower alkoxycarbonyl and Z is phenyl or thienyl which can be produced by reacting 6-aminopenicillanic acid or its ester with a carboxylic acid of the formula: ##SPC2##Wherein A, R, X, Y and Z are each as defined above or its reactive derivative. The said penicillin and its non-toxic salts have a broad antimicrobial spectrum against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and they exhibit characteristically a strong antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas.

Abstract: Novel benzothiazole derivatives of the formula ##SPC1##Wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are individually hydrogen, lower alkyl, nitro, halogen, optionally substituted amino, carboxyl, lower alkoxy-carbonyl or di-lower alkyl-carbamoyl; and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are individually hydrogen, lower alkyl or .alpha.-lower alkyl-benzyl or NR.sub.3 R.sub.4 is a saturated heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom, and their salts. They are useful as antihypertensives.

Abstract: This invention relates to thiazole derivatives of the formula (I): ##EQU1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each hydrogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaromatic rings containing oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or combinations thereof, and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each hydrogen or lower alkyl and salts thereof. The thiazole derivatives of the formula (I) have excellent pharmacological properties such as .beta.-adrenergic receptor blocking effects and are valuable compounds exerting preventive or therapeutic effects on heart diseases, for example, arrhythmia, coronary heart disease, etc.

Abstract: In the conversion of a hexahydrofuro[3,4-d]-imidazole-2,4-dione compound into the corresponding hexahydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazole-2,4-dione compound, an improved process which comprises reacting the starting hexahydrofuro[3,4-d]imidazole-2,4-dione compound with a dithiocarbamate.