Abstract: A charged particle measuring apparatus discriminates the types of charged particles accurately and the energy precisely, measures high-energy charged particles precisely, and detects a failure of the apparatus to continue measurement in a mode corresponding to the failure. Outputs from first and second detectors are used as first and second addresses, respectively. The second detector includes a plurality of detectors. The output from a third detector is used as information about whether or not certain charged particles penetrate the second detector. The loss energy characteristics of charged particles to be measured are expressed in the first and second addresses. The number of times the charged particles are measured for loss energy are counted with respect to the addresses. When the series of detectors constituting the first, second, and third detectors suffers a failure, a measurement mode excluding any failed detector is employed to continue measurement.

Abstract: A charged particle measuring apparatus discriminates the types of charged particles accurately and the energy precisely, measures high-energy charged particles precisely, and detects a failure of the apparatus to continue measurement in a mode corresponding to the failure. Outputs from first and second detectors are used as first and second addresses, respectively. The second detector includes a plurality of detectors. The output from a third detector is used as information about whether or not certain charged particles penetrate the second detector. The loss energy characteristics of charged particles to be measured are expressed in the first and second addresses. The number of times the charged particles are measured for loss energy are counted with respect to the addresses. When the series of detectors constituting the first, second, and third detectors suffers a failure, a measurement mode excluding any failed detector is employed to continue measurement.

Abstract: An anesthetizer for dental treatment adapted to anesthetize the defective part of a tooth or gums by freezing. The anesthetizer comprises a hollow tubular anesthetizer body which is branched into a pair of branch tubes having ends opposing to each other with a suitable gap therebetween. A cap is detachably fitted around the end of each branch tube. The top of each cap is closed by a plate-type thermoelectric element with a colder surface directly outwardly. A connecting terminal is projected from the base end of each cap. Conductors for electrically energizing the thermoelectric element and conduits for supplying and discharging a fluid are extended through and sealed in the hollow anesthetizer body. In use, the cold side of the thermo-electric element is placed in contact with the outer surface of the defective part of the tooth or gums to freeze the same to a large depth to realize the anesthetized state without using any anesthetic agent.