Abstract: A method includes forming a dielectric layer over a conductive layer, and forming a sidewall spacer in an opening in the dielectric layer. The opening exposes a portion of the conductive layer. A bottom electrode layer is formed over the conductive layer and the sidewall spacer. A phase change material layer is formed over the bottom electrode layer, and a top electrode layer is formed over the phase change material layer. In an embodiment, the method includes recess etching the bottom electrode layer before forming the phase change material layer.

Abstract: A method includes forming a dielectric layer over a conductive layer, and forming a sidewall spacer in an opening in the dielectric layer. The opening exposes a portion of the conductive layer. A bottom electrode layer is formed over the conductive layer and the sidewall spacer. A phase change material layer is formed over the bottom electrode layer, and a top electrode layer is formed over the phase change material layer. In an embodiment, the method includes recess etching the bottom electrode layer before forming the phase change material layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel including an active device array substrate, an opposite substrate, and a liquid crystal layer is provided. The active device array substrate includes a plurality of pixel electrodes and each of the pixel electrodes includes a plurality of sets of stripe patterns extending along different directions. Each of the stripe patterns has a width of L and a space between two neighboring stripe patterns is S. The opposite substrate is disposed over the active device array substrate. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the active device array substrate and the opposite substrate. A cell gap between the active device array substrate and the opposite substrate is d, birefringence of the liquid crystal layer is ?n, and dielectric anisotropy of the liquid crystal layer is ??, wherein S, d, ?n, and ?? comply with the inequality: S/|??|?2.8×?n×d.