Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a sidelight type backlighting apparatus having high brightness, which is yet reduced in uneven brightness, and to provide a reflector substrate having a surface profile necessary for obtaining such apparatus and a reflector having high brightness and long durability in which the reflector substrate is implemented. A buffer against strain is formed by providing space by protrusions or the like between a light guiding plate of a planar light source apparatus and a reflecting surface of a reflection sheet provided on one main surface of the light guiding plate. Further, a base layer, a metallic layer mainly containing silver, and a light transmitting oxide layer are laminated on the substrate in this order to form a reflection layer.

Abstract: A flexible printed board contains an unroughened electrodeposited copper foil, a zinc-based metallic layer provided thereon in an amount of 0.25 to 0.40 mg/dm2, and a polyimide resin layer formed through the imidation of a polyamic acid layer provided on the zinc-based metallic layer.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a reflective sheet that uses silver which exhibits a high reflectance as a reflective layer and is excellent in light resistance and wet heat durability, as well as a lamp reflector that uses the sheet and does not generate a luminescent line. The reflective sheet constituted by sequentially arranging at least three layers, that is, an underlying layer, a metal layer made primarily of silver and a protective layer on a polymer film is laminated with a molded body by using an adhesive, allowing a polymer film side of the reflective sheet to be a surface to be adhered, to prepare a reflector. The resultant reflector is processed to prepare a lamp reflector.

Abstract: A transparent conductive laminate in which a transparent conductive layer (an ITO film) mainly comprising indium, tin and oxygen is formed on one main surface of a transparent substrate such as a polymeric film and which is excellent in moist heat resistance and scuff resistance and which can be applied to various kinds of transparent electrodes. The transparent conductive layer has a stable amorphous structure, and its resistivity is 1×l0−2 &OHgr;·cm or less, and its electron mobility is 20 cm2/(V·sec) or more. This transparent conductive laminate can be prepared by forming an amorphous film mainly comprising indium, tin and oxygen and having a resistivity of more than 1×10−2 &OHgr;·cm on the substrate by a sputtering process under a high oxygen concentration atmosphere, and then subjecting the film to a heat treatment in the range of 80 to 180° C.

Abstract: A transparent conductive laminate in which a transparent conductive layer (an ITO film) mainly comprising indium, tin and oxygen is formed on one main surface of a transparent substrate such as a polymeric film and which is excellent in moist heat resistance and scuff resistance and which can be applied to various kinds of transparent electrodes. The transparent conductive layer has a stable amorphous structure, and its resistivity is 1×10−2 &OHgr;·cm or less, and its electron mobility is 20 cm2/(V·sec) or more. This transparent conductive laminate can be prepared by forming an amorphous film mainly comprising indium, tin and oxygen and having a resistivity of more than 1×10−2 &OHgr;·cm on the substrate by a sputtering process under a high oxygen concentration atmosphere, and then subjecting the film to a heat treatment in the range of 80 to 180 ° C.

Abstract: Transparent laminates which have high transparency and, moreover, excellent electromagnetic shielding characteristics and near-infrared cutting-off characteristics, and optical filters for displays using these transparent laminates. These transparent laminates are formed by laminating a transparent electrically conductive layer composed of high-refractive-index transparent film layers (B) and metal film layers (C) consisting of silver or a silver-containing alloy on one major surface of a transparent substrate (A) in such a way that a repeating unit comprising a combination of one high-refractive-index transparent film layer (B) and one metal film layer (C) is laminated three times or more, and further laminating one high-refractive-index transparent film layer (B) thereon. The transparent laminate has a sheet resistance of not greater than 3 .OMEGA./sq., a visible light transmittance of not less than 50%, and a light transmittance of not greater than 20% in a wavelength region longer than 820 nm.

Abstract: A reflecting film has at least a transparent polymer film and a thin silver layer applied on the transparent polymer film to reflect light entered from a side of the transparent polymer film. The reflecting film retains a reflectance of at least 90% to visible light even after the reflector is exposed for 300 hours at a reflecting film temperature of 100.degree. C. and an exposure intensity of 500 mW/cm.sup.2 to artificial sunlight from which light of 390 nm and shorter in wavelength has been eliminated. For fabricating the reflecting film, a surface of the transparent polymer film is preferably treated with a metal-containing plasma, then the thin-silver layer is deposited on the treated surface. A reflector making use of the reflecting film is also disclosed.

Abstract: A laminate using a polymeric molded article as a substrate and having a light transparency, gas barrier properties and an excellent alkali resistance. The laminate is obtainable by carrying out a surface treatment to deposit an oxide of at least one metal selected from the metal elements of groups 2, 8, 9, 10 and 11 of the periodic table, and then forming a gas barrier layer such as oxides of silicon, nitrides of silicon and carbides of silicon on the treated surface. The gas barrier layer is not peeled off from the polymeric molded article even after being immersed in an alkali solution of pH 12 or more. The amount of the metal on the treated surface is preferably in the range of 5.times.10.sup.14 atoms/cm.sup.2 to 3.times.10.sup.16 atoms/cm.sup.2 in terms of the metal atoms per unit area. The practical performance of the laminate is not deteriorated during the patterning, by alkali etching, of a transparent conductive layer formed on the laminate.

Abstract: A plasma display filter for efficiently cutting off near infrared rays radiated from a plasma display so that malfunction of electronic equipment located around the display making use of near infrared light can be avoided. The filter contains in a base material at least one near infrared ray absorbing compound having a maximum absorption wavelength at 800 to 1,200 nm.

Abstract: A thin microcrystalline silicon semiconductor film suitable for use as an intrinsic semiconductor layer in an amorphous silicon solar cell or the like. The thin microcrystalline silicon semiconductor film comprises an amorphous phase with crystallites contained therein in the form of a prismatic or conical crystallite aggregate phase. Additional crystallites may be dispersed as individual crystallites in the amorphous phase. In the thin film, the crystalline fraction may preferably range from 5 to 80% and the crystallite size may preferably range from 2 to 1,000 nm. This thin film can be formed by first forming an initial film to a thickness in a range of from 2 nm to 100 nm at a deposition rate of from 0.01 nm/sec to 0.1 nm/sec on a substrate and then forming a principal film at a deposition rate of from 0.1 nm/sec to 2 nm/sec, for example, in accordance with RF plasma CVD.

Abstract: A transparent panel heater which can be used for heating a window portion of liquid crystal displays, refrigerated showcases, freezer showcases, defrosters of windshields, and the like. The panel heater has a transparent substrate, a transparent conductive film formed on the substrate, a substantially light-transmittable metallic thin layer formed on the conductive film and a pair of electrodes for electrifying the conductive film. The metallic thin layer is preferably deposited by a dry process such as a sputtering process, an ion plating method, various CVD methods, and the like. The electrodes are preferably formed on the metallic thin layer by a wet plating method.

Abstract: A display apparatus capable of displaying, by use of an ordinary television set function, character/figure information having a higher display density than standard chemistry character figure information. The apparatus includes a first reducing device for reducing into a pixel a partition having vertical and horizontal lengths respectively twice the vertical and horizontal lengths of a smallest pixel zone associated with a dot pattern signal, character generators and a second reducing device for producing a reduced character pattern associated with character codes in a received signal, and a third reducing device for reducing into a block a partition having vertical and horizontal lengths respectively twice the vertical and horizontal lengths of an attribute data specification block specifying a character/figure display attribute in the signal.

Abstract: A character multiplex broadcasting receiving apparatus is provided for reducing and displaying a plurality of character figure images including header information and text information. In the invention, to simultaneously display a plurality of character figure images, division signals are formed from a horizontal pulse, a vertical pulse, and a clock pulse (chrominance subcarrier frequency f.sub.sc .times.4) to designate areas on the CRT. Either and animation image (television image) or a character image to display character figure information is designated for each divided picture plane and a plurality of character figure images are simultaneously displayed.

Abstract: A character and graphics display device for displaying character and graphics data which includes a receiving circuit for deriving the character and graphics data from a signal carrying that data encoded therein, a memory for storing the received data, a decoder circuit for decoding the encoded data into suitable form for transfer to a display device, and a display memory for temporarily storing this decoded data, further includes compression circuits for converting the decoded data into a form whereby patterns represented by that data are displayed in compressed size. Pattern and graphics data can thereby be displayed together with other data such as a television picture, or a number of pages of the character and graphics data can be displayed simultaneously.

Abstract: A teletext decoder having a character pickup circuit superior in the antinoise property and response characteristic by allowing signals only in the vicinity of clock run-in signals to pass, simultaneously detecting the amplitude of clock run-in signals through a band-pass filter circuit, gating framing code signals and reproduced clock and slice data, and integrating and holding the clock run-in signals.

Abstract: A signal processing system in a transmission system like Teletext System in which a binary signal is superimposed on a television signal for transmission is disclosed. When the binary signal is received, an upper (or lower) level of a pilot signal in the binary signal is clamped to a first reference voltage by a clamp circuit while the amplitude of the pilot signal is controlled by a variable gain amplifier such that the lower (or upper) level of the pilot signal becomes equal to a third reference level. The binary signal is then amplitude-discriminated using a second reference voltage as a discrimination reference. In this manner, the binary signal is correctly converted to a digital signal.

Abstract: Improved sampling clock reproducing apparatus for receiving digital signal which is superimposed in the television signal during a vertical blanking interval. The sampling clock signal is made by selectively gating a pilot signal from the superimposed signal, obtaining a square thereof, then passing it through a resonance circuit with a resonance frequency twice a repetition frequency of the pilot signal. Thus, the sampling clock signal of the frequency twice the repetition frequency of the pilot signal is obtainable without digital processing attaining high durability against noises.

Abstract: A short wave broadcasting receiver which can receive accurately and stably the desired station is formed with a local oscillator which comprises a variable frequency oscillator, reference frequency oscillators, premixers and band pass filters, frequency converter and an 1F amplifier. By adding a frequency counter unit comprising a frequency counter block and digital display block, the received frequency can be digitally displayed stably and correctly by using a cheap low speed frequency counter.