Abstract: There is provided an operation method of a memory system which includes a host and a storage device, and the operation method includes allocating a portion of a host memory included in the host for a host memory buffer to be used by a controller of the storage device, setting a set feature command such that the host memory buffer is enabled, setting a retention command including information about a response speed of the host memory buffer, selecting an operation mode of the host memory buffer, based on the retention command, and selecting one of a plurality of power states, which the controller supports, based on a performance objective of the operation mode of the host memory buffer.

Abstract: A storage device includes a controller and a nonvolatile memory device having memory cells and reference memory cells. The controller accesses first memory cells of the memory cells, reads first reference memory cells, which are associated with the first memory cells, from among the reference memory cells when the access to the first memory cells fails, determines a bad area depending on a read result of the first reference memory cells, and identifies second memory cells, which belong to the bad area, from among the memory cells to bad memory cells.

Abstract: A storage device includes a controller and a nonvolatile memory device having memory cells and reference memory cells. The controller accesses first memory cells of the memory cells, reads first reference memory cells, which are associated with the first memory cells, from among the reference memory cells when the access to the first memory cells fails, determines a bad area depending on a read result of the first reference memory cells, and sets second memory cells, which belong to the bad area, from among the memory cells to bad memory cells.

Abstract: A payment method and apparatus using a beacon are disclosed. The present disclosure in some embodiments enables bidirectional communication between a payment terminal and a user terminal, and works universally over all user terminals having various operating systems, and facilitates authentication in a short distance but not in a too close range. According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a payment apparatus using a beacon, which is wired to a merchant terminal and is responsive to the presence of a user terminal within a predetermined range detected by using a range sensor, for establishing a communication channel based on a beacon communication with the user terminal, to relay the settlement-related information between the user terminal and the merchant terminal, and to provide a payment method using a beacon, thereby providing the settlement service more efficiently, while overcoming the limitation of the conventional NFC settlement system.

Abstract: An operating method for a memory controller that controls operation of a nonvolatile memory device that stores data according to a plurality of multiple blocks includes; determining that a block among the plurality of blocks is a bad block, and then determining a type of the bad block, determining a number of free blocks, and providing a replacement block to the nonvolatile memory device for the bad block using a replacement block provision policy that is responsive to the type of the bad block and the number of free blocks.

Abstract: The method of operating the data storage device includes performing channel distribution non-sequentially based on a logical address included in a data signal and outputting a channel address, and at least one of writing data to and reading stored data from a memory connected to one of a plurality of channels based on the channel address.

Abstract: A data storage device includes a flash memory including a plurality of data blocks and a flash translation layer that divides the plurality of data blocks into a data block of a first group and a data block of a second group, and that records the data signal to a data block of the first group or a data block of the second group which is extended from a data block of the first group.

Abstract: The method of operating the data storage device includes performing channel distribution non-sequentially based on a logical address included in a data signal and outputting a channel address, and at least one of writing data to and reading stored data from a memory connected to one of a plurality of channels based on the channel address.

Abstract: A data storage device includes a flash memory including a plurality of data blocks and a flash translation layer that divides the plurality of data blocks into a data block of a first group and a data block of a second group, and that records the data signal to a data block of the first group or a data block of the second group which is extended from a data block of the first group.