Abstract: A surface-emitting semiconductor laser diode has a vertical multilayer active region and a lateral buried heterojunction. Effective carrier confinement to the active region is achieved, thereby permitting laser action at room temperature under continuous-wave operation with a low threshold current of about 2 mA.

Abstract: An improved negative glow discharge hollow cathode device for generating laser radiation. The device comprises a hollow cathode assembly substantially surrounded by an anode envelope having a body section and a pair of end sections, each of the end sections terminating in a radiation transmission member. The metal laser medium is enclosed in the vicinity of the perforations in the cathode such that the metal vapor can be readily introduced into the cathode central region effectively and efficiently. The anode to cathode discharge paths is reduced by the use of an anode screen such that the glow discharge is directed into the cathode central region with a controlled discharge gap for optimum pressure and confined negative glow discharge within the cathode. The metal laser medium, in the form of a metal foil or sheet, is lined adjacent the cathode outer surface and perforated cathode holes in the lower half portion of the cathode.

Abstract: An integral mirror type laser system which produces miltiline emissions simultaneously and which is adapted for use in optical data processing systems. In particular, in a first embodiment, a unitary positive column laser comprises two sections, the first section comprising a positive column helium-cadmium laser, the second section comprising a positive column helium-neon laser, the first and second sections being coaxially aligned and having different inner diameters. Simultaneous excitation in the two different sections provides optimum excitation for red laser light, produced by the helium-neon section and blue laser light produced by the helium-neon-cadmium section. The present system also allows separate cadmium vapor pressure control by separately controlling the vaporization temperature of the cadmium and also allows confinement of the cadmium vapor whereby the vapor does not contaminate one of the optical windows which confines the active laser medium.

Abstract: A gas laser for generating multiline emissions when appropriately energized. The laser includes an anode-cathode assembly (18, 16, 18) and, in a first embodiment, adjustable Brewster end sections, or in a second embodiment, integral mirror end sections (70, 72). The anode-cathode assembly comprises two center located short cylindrical anodes (16a, 16b) and two segmented cylindrical hollow cathodes (18) located symmetrically adjacent the split anode (16a, 16b). The anodes and cathodes are electrically insulated by a cylindrical metal ceramic seal (20). The outer surface of each cathode (18) is covered with quartz insulating sleeves (24) to prevent electrical discharge from the outer cathode surface and to encourage effective inner cathode discharge. The cathode (18) is thermally connected to the external environment through a structure (26) coupled to the cathode and the laser tube envelope (11) to improve heat dissipation, thereby allowing higher input power.

Abstract: A laser device for generating multiline emissions when appropriately energized. The device consists of two major components, an anode-cathode assembly and, in a first embodiment, an adjustable brewster end section or in a second embodiment, an integral mirror end section. The anode-cathode assembly comprises one center located short cylindrical anode and two segmented cylindrical hollow cathodes located symmetrically on each side of the anode. The anode and cathode are electrically insulated by a cylindrical metal ceramic seal. The outer surface of the cathode is covered with quartz insulating sleeves to prevent electrical discharge from the outer cathode surface and to encourage effective inner cathode discharge.

Abstract: A laser device for generating multiline emissions when appropriately energized. The device consists of two major components, an anode-cathode assembly and, in a first embodiment, an adjustable brewster end section or in a second embodiment, an integral mirror end section. The anode-cathode assembly comprises one center located short cylindrical anode and two segmented cylindrical hollow cathodes located symmetrically on each side of the anode, the inner diameter of the hollow cathodes being variable depending on the particular laser transition involved and particular output level required, the length of each cathode also being variable to adjust the gain of the selected laser transition. The anode and cathode are electrically insulated by a cylindrical metal ceramic seal. The outer surface of the cathode is covered with quartz insulating sleeves to prevent electrical discharge from the outer cathode surface and to encourage effective inner cathode discharge.

Abstract: A radiation emission device characterized by a cylindrical cathode enclosed by an elongated envelope having two end sections is disclosed. A pair of anodes, one of which is located along each end section, serves to provide electrical energy to excite material inside the envelope, and to further provide a cataphoretic effect to prevent the excited material from drifting into contact with radiation transmission windows located at the terminus of each end section.

Abstract: An improved device for promoting the emission of radiation by utilizing electrical energy to raise material from an initial state to an excited state is disclosed. The device includes enclosed means, including an elongated body section defining a first electrode and a pair of end sections, for enveloping a space occupied by the material. The device further includes a second electrode, adapted to receive electrical energy, disposed in fixed relationship with the first electrode for distributing the electrical energy thereto.