Abstract: A transmission circuit according to an embodiment comprises an input section, a frame information generation section, a frame packet generation section and a data packet generation section. To the input section, information for designating a plurality of virtual channel numbers, for transmission of the data by assigning the data in each set to different channels, is inputted in a case of frame signals having the same period. The frame information generation section generates frame information based on a frame signal. The frame packet generation section sequentially outputs a plurality of frame packets which are generated by respectively adding the information of the virtual channel numbers to the frame information at timing based on the frame signal. The data packet generation section generates data packets by combining the plurality of data and the virtual channel numbers and outputs the generated data packets.

Abstract: A method and system for requesting an interrupt from a host system to service an adapter connected to the host system and a data interface. Data packets, including one or more data cells, are transferred between the data interface and the host system. The host system includes a host memory that includes a plurality of memory slots to store data packets transferred between the data interface and the host system. It is determined when a transfer of data has resulted in an occurrence of an interrupt event. An interrupt event occurs when the transfer of data includes a transfer of a data cell between the data interface and the host system and the data cell is defined to be an end of a data packet. In response to the occurrence of an interrupt event, it is determined whether to generate an interrupt request to the host system.

Abstract: A time-based and event-based interrupt frequency mitigation scheme is provided. A holdoff event counter is programmed to count a holdoff event count corresponding to a number of interrupts. A holdoff timer is programmed to time a holdoff interval representing the time period to elapse before the generation of an interrupt request to the host system can occur. When a data transfer request associated with the transfer of data from or to the host system is serviced and results in the occurrence of an interrupt event, the holdoff event counter is modified by one. If either the holdoff event counter or the holdoff timer has expired and the interrupt is enabled, an interrupt request to the host system is generated. In response to such interrupt request generation, the interrupt is processed and both the holdoff event counter and the holdoff timer retriggered.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for generating a congestion indication bit to be written to the CI field of a backwards RM ATM cell to be transmitted by a network interface utilizes a slot.sub.-- type congestion signal for indicating that the number of slots available for receiving cells is below a threshold limit, and a CI.sub.-- VC signal for indicating that the buffer space consumed by cells received on a particular VC has passed a threshold value. The CI bit in a backward RM cell for the VC when either the slot.sub.-- type congestion signal is set or the CI.sub.-- VC bit is set or the EFCI bit was set in the last data cell received by the network interface or the CI bit was set in the last forward RM cell transmitted by the network interface.

Abstract: A mechanism by which interrupt frequency mitigation is combined with transmit raw cell status report frequency mitigation is presented. A tx raw cell status report is allowed to occur for only every N raw cell tx slots consumed. When the rate of interrupt requests is mitigated in accordance with holdoff parameters including a holdoff event count corresponding to X interrupt events and a holdoff time interval, and the raw cell status report counts as an interrupt event, an interrupt request is generated for an enabled interrupt if N*X events has occurred or the holdoff time interval has elapsed.

Abstract: The diffractive optical modulator of the invention includes: a plate having a portion functioning as a first electrode; a spacer layer formed on the plate; and a grating consisting of a plurality of beams having a portion functioning as a second electrode, both ends of the beams being supported on the spacer layer. In the diffractive optical modulator, by adjusting a voltage applied between the first electrode and the second electrode, a distance between the beams and the plate is varied, thereby controlling the diffraction efficiency. An insulating layer is further provided between the plate and the plurality of beams.

Abstract: The diffractive optical modulator of the invention includes: a plate having a portion functioning as a first electrode; a spacer layer formed on the plate; and a grating consisting of a plurality of beams having a portion functioning as a second electrode, both ends of the beams being supported on the spacer layer. In the diffractive optical modulator, by adjusting a voltage applied between the first electrode and the second electrode, a distance between the beams and the plate is varied, thereby controlling the diffraction efficiency. An insulating layer is further provided between the plate and the plurality of beams.

Abstract: In a network node having a host system coupled to a network by an adapter, VC-specific congestion is detected and reported to the host system. The host memory includes rx slots or buffers, each corresponding to one of one or more supported slot types. Per-VC slots consumed counters are maintained to count slot consumption for each active VC. Free buffer FIFOs are maintained for each of the one or more slot types, which have a predetermined congestion threshold associated therewith. Entries in each free buffer FIFO correspond to an rx slot posted by the host system. When a new rx slot or buffer in host memory is to be allocated to an incoming cell received on a given VC, the slots consumed counter is compared to the predetermined congestion threshold. If they are equal, the VC is at threshold level and the incoming cell is discarded and a report is sent to the host system.

Abstract: A spatial light modulator (SLM) providing effects light blocking of even strong incident light without reducing the photoelectric conversion efficiency, and a projector using said SLM, are disclosed.

Abstract: The microwave plasma torch of the invention includes: a vacuum container having an evacuating apparatus; a coaxial waveguide including an inner conductor and an outer conductor, a first end portion of the coaxial waveguide being connected with a microwave supplying apparatus for supplying a microwave and a second end portion of the coaxial waveguide being connected with the vacuum container, thereby introducing the microwave supplied from the microwave supplying apparatus into the vacuum container along a waveguide axis of the coaxial waveguide; and a gas supplying apparatus for injecting a gas into the vacuum container along a plurality of injection axes.

Abstract: The plasma processing apparatus of the invention generates plasma from a reactive gas with microwave power so as to process a substrate. The plasma processing apparatus includes: a vacuum chamber having an evacuation means and reactive gas inlet ports; a means for holding the substrate to be processed which is disposed inside the vacuum chamber; a dielectric plate disposed at a position facing the substrate to be processed so as to form an integral part of the vacuum chamber; a metal conductor plate disposed on an outer plane of the dielectric plate not facing the vacuum chamber so as to face the substrate to be processed; and a means for supplying microwave power substantially inverse-radially from a circumferential side of the dielectric plate towards a center thereof.

Abstract: In an excitation atomic beam source for use in doping impurities to a semiconductor, a magnetic field is generated in a space between a nozzle (12) and a skimmer (13). A microwave discharge is generated in the space to form a plasma in the space by applying microwaves to a gas to be ionized emitted from the nozzle (12). In this manner, high-velocity particles and excited atoms in the plasma are passed through the skimmer (13) to thereby generate a supersonic excitation atomic beam.

Abstract: A laser ablation apparatus includes a laser oscillator, a condenser lens for condensing a laser light generated from the oscillator, a rotary cylindrical target having a side face which is illuminated by the laser light, a driving device for rotating the target, a substrate carrier device for moving a substrate in a direction parallel to a tangential direction of the cylindrical target, and a vacuum chamber located above the substrate. The vacuum chamber encloses a part of the cylindrical target, and has an open laser inlet port so that the side face of the target is illuminated by the laser light passing through the laser inlet port to adhere material evaporated from the target to the substrate when the substrate passing through the vacuum chamber.

Abstract: A method for polishing a slight region of the surface of a workpiece utilizes an actuator or actuators having piezoelectric elements. The actuators cause slight movement of a polishing portion disposed at the leading end of a polishing tool in an XY-direction parallel with the surface of the workpiece and/or a Z-direction perpendicular to the surface of the workpiece. A polishing material, including a magnetic fluid and nonmagnetic abrasive grains dispersed in the magnetic fluid, is held magnetically in a space between the polishing portion and the workpiece.

Abstract: An exposure system includes a pulse light source emitting light in response to a trigger signal and giving a predetermined exposure light quantity by a plurality of times of light emission. A reticle has an alignment mark and a light exposure pattern. A projection lens contractedly projects the pattern of the reticle. A wafer has an alignment mark to be located. The wafer is exposed to a projection of the pattern. A wafer stage is movable and carries the wafer. A laser interferometer measures a position of the wafer stage. An alignment device serves to detect a condition of an alignment of the wafer with respect to the reticle in an exposure position.

Abstract: An optical scanning device which includes a laser light source, an aspheric lens for converging a laser beam emitted from the laser light source, and a reflection type holographic disk for diffracting and scanning the laser beam passing through the aspheric lens.

Abstract: A micro-abrading method wherein an abrading section undergoes a micromotion in the XY-direction parallel with the surface of a workpiece according to the operation of an actuator comprising piezoelectric elements, and an abrading material is held between the abrading section positioned at the lower end of an abrading tool and the workpiece. The phase difference between the X-direction motion and the Y-direction motion is cyclically changed while the abrading section is undergoing the micromotion, and the surface of the workpiece is entirely and uniformly abraded even though a large area is abraded.

Abstract: A patterning composition is prepared by mixing a metallic salt of organic acid which separates a metal when reduced (e.g. copper (II) heptanoate), a reducing agent (e.g., 4-methoxy-1-naphthol), which shows reducing activity by being heated and loses the reducing activity by being irradiated by UV light, visible light or infrared light, gelatin and water, the composition is applied on a substrate, and the coating is irradiated by UV or visible infrared light through a mask and then heated, thereby to deposit metal in a pattern.

Abstract: Light transmission paste and a metallic copper deposition method of the present invention can educe metallic copper in the desired portion by applying or contacting light transmission paste on cuprous oxide and applying light upon the desired portion. Also, the light is applied through a mask corresponding to the pattern to be obtained, so that desired circuit pattern may be easily obtained. Further, metallic copper of high density may be educed by the contacting or applying metal deposition paste upon metal of a substrate.

Abstract: A microscopic grinding device grinds a workpiece at ultrahigh precision with the use of magnetic grinding fluid actuated microscopically in three dimensional directions by Z- and XY-axis actuators. The magnetic grinding fluid is magnetically supported between a grinding member and the workpiece by the magnetic field. Because magnetic field is generated to form a magnetic circuit within the device itself where no workpiece is necessary to form the magnetic circuit, the device can be used with equal results even with workpieces made from non-magnetic material. The pressure applied to the workpiece by the grinding member via the magnetic grinding fluid is detected by a load cell for feeding back a signal indicative of the detected pressure to the controller. The controller controls the actuators to actuate the grinding member such that the pressure applied from the grinding member, via the magnetic fluid, to the workpiece is maintained within a predetermined range.