Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there are provided carboxylate compounds represented by the following formula [A] and liquid crystal material comprising said compounds ##STR1## wherein R is a group selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy and halogenated alkyl group of 3-20 carbon atoms, X and Y represent each a group selected from the group consisting of --COO--, --OCO--, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 O--, --OCH.sub.2 --, --S--S--, ##STR2## or a single bond, A and B represent each a group selected from the group consisting of specific divalent aromatic and alicyclic group such as phenylene, cyclohexylene and tetrahydronaphthalene and R* is an optically active group of 4-20 carbon atoms containing at least one asymmetric carbon atom (hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms of said optically active group may be substituted with halogen atoms), and m and n are each an integer of 0-2, with the proviso that both m and n do not become 0 at the same time.

Abstract: A pipe coated with a resin layer on the inner surface and a method for manufacturing the pipe. According to the method, a resin mixture including thermal melting fluoro resin and fluorine elastomer is applied to the inner surface of a pipe member. The resin mixture is thermally treated on the inner surface of the pipe member to form a mesh like pattern so that a resin layer of a predetermined stripping strength is obtained.

Abstract: The liquid crystal composition of the present invention comprises 1-99 wt. % of an antiferroelectric liquid crystal compound such as a compound represented by the following formula [A-8] and 99-1 wt. % of a cholesteric liquid crystal compound such as a compound represented by the following formula [B-2]. ##STR1## By the use of the liquid crystal composition of the invention, a liquid crystal element improved in liquid crystal properties such as contrast can be prepared.

Abstract: The present invention provides a tetralin compound represented by the following formula:R--X--A.sup.1 --Y.sup.1 --A.sup.2 --(Y.sup.2 --A.sup.3).sub.n --Z--R*wherein R is an alkyl group of 3-20 carbon atoms; X is --O-- CO--, --O-- or a single bond; n is 0 or 1; each of A.sup.1, A.sup.2 and A.sup.3 is a divalent aromatic group; each of Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 is --COO--, --O--CO--, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 O-- or --OCH.sub.2 --; Z is --O--, --O--CO-- or a single bond; and R* is a specific optically active group.The invention also provides a liquid crystal material comprising the above-mentioned tetralin compound, a liquid crystal composition comprising the tetralin compound and a liquid crystal compound other than the tetralin compound, and a liquid crystal element using the tetralin compound. The tetralin compound of the invention is favorably used as a liquid crystal material because it has a large tilt angle and shows excellent liquid crystal properties.

Abstract: The carboxylic acid ester compound of the invention is represented by the following formula [I]: ##STR1## wherein R is an alkyl group of 3-20 carbon atoms; n is 0 or 1; at least one of A.sup.1, A.sup.2 and A.sup.3 is a group having tetralin structure, and the residual groups of A.sup.1, A.sup.2 and A.sup.3 are each independently a group having specific aromatic cyclic structure such as a phenylene group and a biphenyl group; Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are each independently a group selected from the group consisting of --COO--, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 -- and --CH.sub.2 O--; Q.sup.1 is a group selected from the group consisting of --CH.sub.3, --CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2 H.sub.5 and --C.sub.2 F.sub.5 ; and q is an integer of 4 to 12.This carboxylic acid ester compound may be used as an antiferroelectric liquid crystal material, and also be used as a liquid crystal composition by using other liquid crystal material in combination.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there are provided carboxylate compounds and liquid compositions thereof represented by the following formula (A) ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents one group selected from the group consisting of alkyl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, alkoxy group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms and halogenated alkyl group of 6 to 18 carbon atoms, C* represents an asymmetric carbon atom, and R.sup.2 represents a group represented by the following formula (A)--(CH.sub.2).sub.m --CH.sub.3 or (B)--(CH.sub.2).sub.n --COOR.sub.3 wherein m represents an integer of 2 to 6, n represents an integer of 0 to 5, and R.sup.3 represents alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

Abstract: The liquid crystal racemic mixture of the invention is represented by the formula [I]:Z--(X.A).sub.m (Y.B).sub.n COOR.sup.1 [I]wherein R1 is a specific group of alkyl, alkoxy or halogenated alkyl, X and Y are either one of the following group: --COO--, --OCO--, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 O--, --OCH.sub.2 --, --COCH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 CO-- and --S--S--, or a single bond, A and B are each a specific bivalent group such as 1,4-phenylene group, Z is a group selected from the group consisting of ##STR1## (wherein R.sub.2 is an alkyl group, an alkoxy group or a halogenated alkyl group), and m and n are an integer of 0 to 2 (m and N not being simultaneously 0). The liquid crystal composition of the invention comprises the racemic mixture as described above. Moreover, the liquid crystal element of the invention comprises a liquid crystal material containing the liquid crystal racemic mixture as described above.

Abstract: In a pipe coated with a resin layer on the inner surface thereof and a method for manufacturing the same, resin mixture including thermal melting fluoro resin and fluorine elastomer is applied to the inner surface of a pipe member. The resin mixture is thermally treated on the inner surface of the pipe member to be of a mesh like pattern so that a resin layer of a predetermined stripping strength is obtained thereon.

Abstract: This invention relates to carboxylic acid ester compounds or liquid crystal compounds represented by the following formula [A], liquid crystal compositions and liquid crystal elements using these compounds, the method of producing said liquid crystal elements, and other uses. ##STR1## wherein R represents one radical selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 6-18 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 6-18 carbon atoms, and a halogenated alkyl group having 6-18 carbon atoms, X represents --CF.sub.3 or --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.3, m is an integral number of 1-10 when X is --CF.sub.3, and an integral number of 2-10 when X is --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.3, and C* represents an asymmetric carbon atom.

Abstract: A naphthalene compound having the following formula (I) and a liquid crystal composition containing the same: ##STR1## wherein X represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, Y and Z independently represent a monovalent group selected from the group consisting of ##STR2## wherein W represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, R represents an alkyl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, provided that Y and/or Z represent the alkyl group, which is an optically active group including an asymmetric carbon having the following formula (II): ##STR3## wherein A is a group or atom selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, halogen atoms and fluoroalkyl groups, n is an integer of 0 to 3, m is an integer of 3 to 6, and *C represents an asymmetric carbon.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there is provided substituted naphthalene compounds represented by the following formula [I]. ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents alkyl of 1-18 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 represents alkyl of 1-18 carbon atoms, X is a group represented by --OCH.sub.2 -- or --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, and n is 0 or 1.In accordance with the invention, moreover, there is provided liquid crystal compositions containing the substituted naphthalene compounds represented by the above-mentioned formula [I].

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there is provided substituted naphthalene compounds represented by the following formula [I]. ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents alkyl of 1-18 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 represents alkyl of 1-18 carbon atoms, X is a group represented by --OCH.sub.2 -- or --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, and n is 0 or 1.In accordance with the invention, moreover, there is provided liquid crystal compositions containing the substituted naphthalene compounds represented by the above-mentioned formula [I].

Abstract: An electrode for a living body comprises a main body consisting of a flexible sheet of graphite and the whole of the electrode is made substantially transparent in regard to X rays so that the electrode is not a hindrance to an X-ray inspection.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an electrode for a living body, which is used in a defibrillator and the like without hindering X-ray inspection, the main part of the electrode (hereinafter referred to as "the electrode substrate") comprising a porous material composed of granular or fibrous carbon, or a flexible and porous material composed of fibrous carbon, the electrode being made to be transparent to X-ray.

Abstract: A method of producing an electrical conductor is described. The electrical conductor is made of an oxygen-free copper material having an oxygen content of not more than 50 ppm, wherein copper crystals constituting the copper material are giant crystals. These giant copper crystals are formed by heating the copper material in an inert atmosphere maintained at a temperature exceeding 800.degree. C. but below the melting point of copper for at least 15 minutes.

Abstract: A fin material for automobile radiators comprising less than 0.05% by weight of lead; from 0.001 to 0.05% by weight of one or more elements selected from a group consisting of silver, cadmium, chromium, magnesium, nickel, antimony, tin, zinc and rare-earth element; and the remaining copper.

Abstract: A method of producing an electrical conductor is described. The electrical conductor is made of an oxygen-free copper material having an oxygen content of not more than 50 ppm, wherein copper crystals constituting the copper material are giant crystals. These giant copper crystals are formed by heating the copper material in an inert atmosphere maintained at a temperature exceeding 800.degree. C., but below the melting point of copper for at least 15 minutes.