Abstract: A photovoltaic device includes: a silicon substrate having a front surface having a texture; and an amorphous silicon layer having an uneven surface corresponding to the texture, wherein the amorphous silicon layer is amorphous in peak portions and slope portions extending between the peak portions and valley portions of the uneven surface, and has crystalline regions which grow, in a pillar manner, approximately perpendicularly from a substrate surface of the silicon substrate in the valley portions, the crystalline regions being discretely present along upper ends of the valley portions, the upper ends being opposite lower ends of the valley portions, the lower ends being in contact with the silicon substrate, wherein coverage of the crystalline regions in the valley portions is higher than coverage of amorphous regions in the valley portions.

Abstract: A photovoltaic device includes: a silicon substrate having a front surface having a texture; and an amorphous silicon layer having an uneven surface corresponding to the texture, wherein the amorphous silicon layer is amorphous in peak portions and slope portions extending between the peak portions and valley portions of the uneven surface, and has crystalline regions which grow, in a pillar manner, approximately perpendicularly from a substrate surface of the silicon substrate in the valley portions, the crystalline regions being discretely present along upper ends of the valley portions, the upper ends being opposite lower ends of the valley portions, the lower ends being in contact with the silicon substrate, wherein coverage of the crystalline regions in the valley portions is higher than coverage of amorphous regions in the valley portions.

Abstract: A pouch and a production method for a spout pouch container are provided, which suppress curling of an opened spout attachment edge portion and offset of a filling port defining edge portion adjacent to the spout attachment edge portion when a spout is heat-sealed to the spout attachment edge portion. The pouch (10) is of a bottom gusset type, which includes a pair of front and rear exterior sheets (11, 12) and a gusset sheet (13) folded inward from lower portions of the exterior sheets (11, 12) to define a bottom gusset portion.

Abstract: A pouch and a production method for a spout pouch container are provided, which suppress curling of an opened spout attachment edge portion and offset of a filling port defining edge portion adjacent to the spout attachment edge portion when a spout is heat-sealed to the spout attachment edge portion. The pouch (10) is of a bottom gusset type, which includes a pair of front and rear exterior sheets (11, 12) and a gusset sheet (13) folded inward from lower portions of the exterior sheets (11, 12) to define a bottom gusset portion.