Abstract: In a conductive member having a support and provided thereon at least one cover layer, the cover layer has a surface layer, and the surface layer contains fine particles. In the surface layer, fine particles present at the surface-layer lower part corresponding to a range within 30% of the total layer thickness from the lowermost plane have an average particle diameter which is larger than the average particle diameter of fine particles present at the surface-layer upper part corresponding to a range within 30% of the total layer thickness from the uppermost plane. A process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus have such a conductive member.

Abstract: In a conductive member having a support and provided thereon at least one cover layer, the cover layer has a surface layer, and the surface layer contains fine particles. In the surface layer, fine particles present at the surface layer lower part corresponding to a range within 30% of the total layer thickness from the lowermost plane have an average particle diameter which is larger than the average particle diameter of fine particles present at the surface layer upper part corresponding to a range within 30% of the total layer thickness from the uppermost plane. A process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus have such a conductive member.

Abstract: A toner for developing electrostatic images is comprised of a binder resin and a wax. The binder resin contains as a primary component a polyester resin having a soft segment. The wax has, in its endothermic peaks at the time of temperature rise and exothermic peaks at the time of temperature drop in the DSC curve measured using a differential scanning calorimeter; (i) an endothermic onset temperature within the range of from 50° C. to 110° C.; (ii) at least one endothermic peak P1 within the range of from 70° C. to 130° C. at the time of temperature rise; and (iii) a maximum exothermic peak at the time of temperature drop, within the range of plus-minus 9° C. of the endothermic peak P1.

Abstract: Disclosed is a toner for developing an electrostatic image. The toner comprises a binder resin and a wax, and the value of weight average molecular weight/number average molecular weight (Mw/Mn) of the wax is not more than 1.5.

Abstract: A heat fixable toner comprises a binder resin and a release agent. The binder resin comprises a polyester resin, and the release agent comprises a graft-modified polyolefin. A recording medium containing a toner image of said heat fixable toner is heat-fixed by contacting the recording medium with a heater element through a film interposed therebetween. After the heat-fixing step, the film is peeled from the fixed toner image while the film surface temperature is higher than the endothermic peak temperature of the toner.

Abstract: Disclosed is a toner for developing an electrostatic image. The toner comprises a binder resin and a wax, and the value of weight average molecular weight/number average molecular weight (Mw/Mn) of the wax is not more than 1.5.

Abstract: A toner for developing electrostatic images contains toner particles containing at least a binder resin and a colorant as well as a fine powder comprised of base particles on which crystalline low resistance tin oxide films are formed. The crystalline low resistance tin oxide contains less than 100 ppm of antimony, arsenic and phosphorus, and has an oxygen deficiency structure. The toner is excellent in strength and can consistently give high quality images under any environmental conditions.

Abstract: A heat fixable toner comprises a binder resin and a release agent. The binder resin comprises a polyester resin, and the release agent comprises a graft-modified polyolefin.

Abstract: An image forming process is disclosed which uses a non-magnetic one-component type developer comprising a finder resin and a releasing agent having specific properties. The developer has such advantages as being excellent in low-temperature fixability as well as anti-offset property.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic image, comprises a binder resin and a colorant. Such binder resin contains a THF-insoluble component in an amount of less than 10 wt. % based on the binder resin, and, in the molecular weight distribution measured by GPC (gel permeation chromatography) of a THF-soluble component, has a weight average molecular weight/number average molecular weight (Mw/Mn) of .gtoreq.18, a molecular weight peak MA in the region of a molecular weight of from 3,000 to 20,000, a molecular weight peak MB in the region of a molecular weight of from 380,000 to 1,000,000, a molecular weight minimum Md in the region of a molecular weight of from 20,000 to 380,000, provided that MB/MA is in the range of from 30 to 150, and a molecular weight distribution curve area ratio SA:SB:Sd of 1:0.3 to 0.8:0.35 to 0.8.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic image, comprises a binder resin and a colorant. Such binder resin contains a THF-insoluble matter in an amount of less than 10 wt. % based on the binder resin, and, in the molecular weight distribution measured by GPC (gel permeation chromatography) of a THF-soluble matter, has a weight average molecular weight/number average molecular weight (Mw/Mn) of .gtoreq.18, a molecular weight peak MA in the region of a molecular weight of from 3,000 to 20,000, a molecular weight peak MB in the region of a molecular weight of from 380,000 to 1,000,000, a molecular weight minimum Md in the region of a molecular weight of from 20,000 to 380,000, provided that MB/MA is in the range of from 30 to 150, and a molecular weight distribution curve area ratio SA:SB:Sd of 1:0.3 to 0.8:0.35 to 0.8.

Abstract: A method of heat-fixing a visible image of toner to a recording medium comprises applying a toner image onto the recording medium, whereinthe toner to form said toner image or the resin component of the toner has the properties such that the melt viscosity .eta.' measured by an overhead-type flow tester is from 10.sup.3 to 10.sup.6 poise at a temperature within the temperature range of from 120.degree. C. to 150.degree. C., and the absolute value of the inclination of a graph is not more than 0.50 ln (poise)/.degree.C. when the natural logarithms ln.eta. of the melt viscosities at 120.degree. C. and 150.degree. C. are plotted with respect to the temperatures; and heat-fixing the toner image retained on the recording medium to the recording medium by use of a heater element as stationarily supported and a pressure member that brings said recording medium into close contact with said heater element through a film interposed between them.

Abstract: A toner for the development of electrostatic charges comprising an amorphous polyester having an acid value of from 10 to 100 prepared by the reaction of at least one etherified diphenol with an acid component, and a salicylic acid metal complex. The diphenol is propoxylated, or propoxylated and ethoxylated wherein the propyloxy group content is not less than 50 mole % of the propoxy and ethoxy groups, and the acid component contains up to 40 mole % of a trivalent or higher valent aromatic carboxylic acid.

Abstract: A developer for high speed heat fixing excellent in developing characteristic, fixing characteristic, off-set resistance and storage stability is obtained by a heat fixing developer of a capsule structure having the surface of a core particle, containing a binder resin having a glass transition temperature of 60.degree. C. lower and a softening point of 50.degree. to 130.degree. C. and a colorant, coated with a vinyl type polymer having a glass transition temperature of 55.degree. C. or higher, a softening point of 100.degree. to 150.degree. C., a Mw of 150,000 or more and a Mw/Mn of 5 or more.

Abstract: A toner, fixable sufficiently at lower temperatures to afford energy saving, particularly suitable for high speed fixing and also good in off-set resistance with a broad applicable temperature range for fixing, is obtained from a heat-fixable dry system toner comprising in a binder resin a non-linearly modified low melting polyester having an acid value of 10 to 60 obtained from components containing (A) an alkyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid and/or an alkyl-substituted diol, (B) a trivalent or more polycarboxylic acid and/or a trivalent or more polyol, (C) a dicarboxylic acid, and (D) an etherated diphenol.