Abstract: An image forming operation forms an image on a transfer target in a state in which a developing member is located at a first position where a developer is supplied to an image bearing member and a first charging voltage is applied to a charging unit. The image forming operation is followed by: a first rotating operation of rotating the image bearing member in a state in which the developing member is located at the first position and a second charging voltage smaller in absolute value than the first charging voltage is applied; and a second rotating operation of rotating the image bearing member in a state in which the developing member is located at a second position where the developer is not supplied to the image bearing member and a third charging voltage smaller in absolute value than the second charging voltage is applied.

Abstract: The spectroscope of the present disclosure includes a first base member comprising a first surface having a diffraction grating and a second surface which is a rear surface of the first surface, a second base member comprising a third surface having a diffraction grating and a fourth surface which is a rear surface of the third surface, a holder comprising a lid having first holes and second holes opposed to the fourth surface, and arranging and fixing the first base member and the second base member, and a fixing member disposed in the second hole, connecting the fourth surface and the lid, and fixing the second base member to the holder in a noncontact manner.

Abstract: A data structure for a graph, which is composed by points and line segments connecting adjacent pairs of the points, respectively, of a two- or three-dimensional object comprises a set of point data of the individual points, each of the point data of the points consists of a clockwise or counter clockwise circular ordered adjacency list written in storage areas of a storage medium individually allocated to the point. The adjacency list describes a plurality of adjacent points associated with the point sequentially according to a circular adjacency order as viewed from outside of the graph with address pointers to the storage areas allocated to the adjacent points, respectively, and location pointers associated with the address pointers, respectively, to storage locations of adjacency lists of the adjacent points, respectively, where an address pointer of the point is written.

Abstract: There is provided a greenhouse wherein a light transmissive substrate that maintains or increases light transmittance at visible wavelengths and has an insulation effect is used to reduce the running costs considerably as well as increase the yield of plants. In the greenhouse according to the present invention, a light transmissive substrate that has a visible light transmittance of 86% or more and solar radiation transmittance of 78% or less is used as the material for covering the greenhouse.

Abstract: A data structure for a graph, which is composed by points and line segments connecting adjacent pairs of the points, respectively, of a two- or three-dimensional object comprises a set of point data of the individual points, each of the point data of the points consists of a clockwise or counter clockwise circular ordered adjacency list written in storage areas of a storage medium individually allocated to the point. The adjacency list describes a plurality of adjacent points associated with the point sequentially according to a circular adjacency order as viewed from outside of the graph with address pointers to the storage areas allocated to the adjacent points, respectively, and location pointers associated with the address pointers, respectively, to storage locations of adjacency lists of the adjacent points, respectively, where an address pointer of the point is written.