Abstract: Provided is a charging member capable of suppressing adhesion of smear on its surface and suppressing generation of a C set image as well. The charging member includes: an electroconductive support; and an elastic layer as a surface layer, in which: the elastic layer has at least one local maximum value in a distribution of Young's modulus at respective positions in a depth direction thereof; and “a”, “Tmax” and “b” satisfy the following expressions (1) to (3): (1) 0.8 ?m?Tmax?2.5 ?m, (2) 0.6 MPa?b?1.2 MPa, (3) (a?b)/b?0.40.

Abstract: Provided is a charging member capable of suppressing adhesion of smear on its surface and suppressing generation of a C set image as well. The charging member includes: an electroconductive support; and an elastic layer as a surface layer, in which: the elastic layer has at least one local maximum value in a distribution of Young's modulus at respective positions in a depth direction thereof; and “a”, “Tmax” and “b” satisfy the following expressions (1) to (3): (1) 0.8 ?m?Tmax?2.5 ?m, (2) 0.6 MPa?b?1.2 MPa, (3) (a?b)/b?0.40.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reformed-fuel-burning gas turbine system that constantly generates good-quality reformed fuel even when heavy fuel has a different composition. The reformed-fuel-burning gas turbine system according to the present invention comprises a heavy oil heater; a water heater; a reformer vessel for mixing high-temperature, high-pressure water with high-temperature, high-pressure heavy oil to cause a hydrothermal reaction and producing reformed fuel from heavy oil; and a gas turbine which operates on the reformed fuel.

Abstract: A gas turbine system burning heavy-oil modified fuel and a method of operating the gas turbine system, which covers from a stage of modifying heavy oil and producing gas turbine fuel to a stage of operating a gas turbine, including startup, ordinary shutdown and emergency shutdown of the gas turbine. The gas turbine system burning heavy-oil modified fuel comprises a reactor for mixing heavy oil and water to cause reaction, thereby separating and removing a heavy component from the heavy oil, a gas-liquid separator for separating hydrocarbon gas and modified oil obtained in the reactor from each other, a gas turbine combustor for burning the hydrocarbon gas supplied from the gas-liquid separator, and a gas turbine driven by combustion gas produced in the gas turbine combustor. The system further comprises another line for extracting the hydrocarbon gas externally of a relevant system region.

Abstract: In a method for producing gas turbine fuel through the step of modifying heavy fuel oil with the use of an asphaltene-insoluble solvent, the utilization factor of the heavy fuel oil usable as gas turbine fuel is increased by making asphaltene selectively removable. A solvent having a specific inductive capacity in the range of 1.4 to 2.0 is used as the asphaltene-insoluble solvent. In particular, water controlled in temperature and pressure so as to have a specific inductive capacity in the above range is used as the asphaltene-insoluble solvent. By using such a solvent, an asphaltene component contained in the heavy fuel oil can be selectively removed and power generation can be performed while utilizing 95% or more of the heavy fuel oil.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reformed-fuel-burning gas turbine system that constantly generates good-quality reformed fuel even when heavy fuel has a different composition. The reformed-fuel-burning gas turbine system according to the present invention comprises a heavy oil heater; a water heater; a reformer vessel for mixing high-temperature, high-pressure water with high-temperature, high-pressure heavy oil to cause a hydrothermal reaction and producing reformed fuel from heavy oil; and a gas turbine which operates on the reformed fuel.

Abstract: In a method for producing gas turbine fuel through the step of modifying heavy fuel oil with the use of an asphaltene-insoluble solvent, the utilization factor of the heavy fuel oil usable as gas turbine fuel is increased by making asphaltene selectively removable. A solvent having a specific inductive capacity in the range of 1.4 to 2.0 is used as the asphaltene- insoluble solvent. In particular, water controlled in temperature and pressure so as to have a specific inductive capacity in the above range is used as the asphaltene-insoluble solvent. By using such a solvent, an asphaltene component contained in the heavy fuel oil can be selectively removed and power generation can be performed while utilizing 95% or more of the heavy fuel oil.

Abstract: A gas turbine system burning heavy-oil modified fuel and a method of operating the gas turbine system, which covers from a stage of modifying heavy oil and producing gas turbine fuel to a stage of operating a gas turbine, including startup, ordinary shutdown and emergency shutdown of the gas turbine. The gas turbine system burning heavy-oil modified fuel comprises a reactor for mixing heavy oil and water to cause reaction, thereby separating and removing a heavy component from the heavy oil, a gas-liquid separator for separating hydrocarbon gas and modified oil obtained in the reactor from each other, a gas turbine combustor for burning the hydrocarbon gas supplied from the gas-liquid separator, and a gas turbine driven by combustion gas produced in the gas turbine combustor. The system further comprises another line for extracting the hydrocarbon gas externally of a relevant system region.