Abstract: A drive apparatus includes a motor that has a motor shaft extending in an axial direction, a transmission mechanism that is connected on one side in the axial direction of the motor shaft, a lock mechanism that restricts driving of the transmission mechanism, a housing that houses the motor, the transmission mechanism, and the lock mechanism, an oil that is stored in the housing, and an oil passage that circulates the oil. The housing includes a motor room that houses the motor, a gear room that houses the transmission mechanism and the lock mechanism, and a partition that is provided between the motor room and the gear room. The oil passage includes a pump that pumps the oil in the oil passage, a first feed flow passage that feeds the oil to the motor, and a second feed flow passage that feeds the oil to the lock mechanism.

Abstract: A system and method for processing a large constraint satisfaction problem quickly, including a subset generating module (1), which divides a set of alternatives provided for a plurality of parts of a given problem into a plurality of subsets, such that each subset has not more than two alternatives for each part. For each subset generated by the division, a solution calculation module (2) finds a solution by calculating combinations of alternatives satisfying a constraint between alternatives selected for each two parts. The calculation of a solution for a subset, such that each subset has not more than two alternatives for each part, requires a very short period of processing time, even if the parts are many. Thus, the sum of the times required for finding a solution for all the subsets is much shorter than the time required for finding a solution for the original problem without such processing.

Abstract: It is an object of this invention to provide a data processing system, computer network, and data processing method which enable alternate programs to run without degrading the system processing performance. When control of a program executed by the executing means 1 reaches a pre-defined execution checkpoint, the notifying means 3 issues an interrupt instruction and the sending/receiving means 4 sends this instruction to other nodes. In a node where this interrupt instruction is received, the interrupt controlling means 5 causes the executing means 1 to interrupt processing if program control has not yet reached a pre-defined execution checkpoint in the node.

Abstract: Data processing systems, each belonging to one of a number of program groups, are connected to a network. Each group includes a data processing system containing a sequencer which determines the sequence of messages transferred over the network. The sequencer of each data processing system is either in the “operation mode” or in the “standby mode.” A sequencer in the standby mode declares the operation mode independently of other sequencers and sends this operation mode declaration to the sequencers of the other data processing systems. When the operation mode declaration is sent a number of times equal to a specified count, the sequencer becomes the operation mode sequencer. When the operation mode sequencer stops, some other standby mode sequencer takes over the function of the operation mode sequencer, thus maintaining consistency in the sequence of messages to be sent to a plurality of data processing systems connected to the network.

Abstract: A card contains an IC chip having a CPU, a memory, etc. When the card is inserted into a terminal device, it is connected to a host computer. Under this condition, the data in the memory of the IC card is processed by the host computer. The memory is manufactured in such a way that the memory area is segmented into a plurality of zones. An access controller for the memory is provided in the IC chip. In issuing the card, the access condition of each zone (for example, an assortment of access people and/or a type of access terminal) is programmed into the access controller by a card issuer.

Abstract: A communication system comprising a communication path through which a message passes and, a plurality of communication apparatus, each apparatus includes a message transmission function to the communication path, and a read function for reading the message from the communication path. Each communication apparatus has a communication cumulative amount table so as to store the communication cumulative amount of messages transmitted by each communication apparatus as communication history data. The communication apparatus adds the latest communication cumulative amount in the communication cumulative amount table to a message which is transmitted to the communication path. The communication apparatus compares the stored communication cumulative amount table with the received communication cumulative amount. Thus, troubles of the communication subjects in the communication apparatus according to the result of the comparison can be detected.

Abstract: An IC card comprises CPU, PROM for storing programs, and RAM for storing the results of arithmetic operations. PROM stores a table on which the names of specific programs are registered. RAM has execution counters which counts up each time each program is run so that the number of times the specific program is run is memorized. Prior to the running of each program by CPU, it is judged whether or not the program is a specific one. If it is the specific program, the execusion counter counts up. When the count value of the execution counter is above a predetermined value, the running of the specific program is prevented.

Abstract: A data processing terminal device is on-line connected to a host computer and records on journal paper journal data obtained as a result of communication with the host computer. Data is encrypted, and encrypted data is exchanged between the terminal device and the host computer. The encrypted journal data received by the terminal is decrypted and printed on a journal paper, then modified and stored in a PROM. By comparing the journal data with the modified data, journal data alteration can be easily detected.

Abstract: A data processing terminal device is on-line connected to a host computer and records on journal paper journal data obtained as a result of communication with the host computer. Data is encrypted, and encrypted data is exchanged between the terminal device and the host computer. The encrypted journal data is printed together with the normal journal data on the journal paper. The algorithm used to encrypt the data is stored on an ic card issued to the user and updated periodically. By comparing the journal data with its encrypted data, journal data alteration can be easily detected.

Abstract: A data processing terminal device is on-line connected to a host computer and records on journal paper journal data obtained as a result of communication with the host computer. Data is encrypted, and encrypted data is exchanged between the terminal device and the host computer. An IC card connected to the terminal device receives the encrypted data from the host computer, decrypts the data, modifies it and records the data on a recording medium. The terminal device records decrypted data on a journal paper. By comparing the journal data with it's modified data recorded on the IC card, journal data alteration can be easily detected.