Abstract: A method of a radiotherapy or radiosurgery treatment comprises steps of: (a) providing a converging x-ray beam source configured for emitting a converging X-ray beam propagating along an axis thereof; (b) emitting the converging x-ray beam towards a volume of treatment (VOT) having a length along the axis of the converging X-ray beam ranging between 2 mm and 5 cm within a patient's body such that a waist portion is within the VOT; (c) propagating the beam through tissues previously located relative to the VOT (PO); the VOT per se and tissues distally located to the VOT (DO). The converging X-ray beam characterized by a convergent angle ranging between 2 and 30 degrees providing 80% to 100% of a maximum dose is received by the VOT and less than 60% of the maximum dose is received by the PO and the DO.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing burr-edged reflecting tile elements for a mosaic X-ray lens configured for forming an X-ray beam comprises steps of: (a) providing a single crystal having first and second faces thereof being parallel therebetween; single crystal having crystallographic planes thereof being parallel to first and second faces of the single crystal; the first face dedicated for reflecting an X-ray beam to be incident thereto; (b) cutting the single crystal by means of a wire electrical discharging machine normally to the main faces. The step of cutting the single crystal comprises moving a wire within a cut in direction from the second face to the first face; such that burrs configured for reflecting the X-ray beam to be incident thereto are formed on edges of the cut.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing burr-edged reflecting tile elements for a mosaic X-ray lens configured for forming an X-ray beam comprises steps of: (a) providing a single crystal having first and second faces thereof being parallel therebetween; single crystal having crystallographic planes thereof being parallel to first and second faces of the single crystal; the first face dedicated for reflecting an X-ray beam to be incident thereto; (b) cutting the single crystal by means of a wire electrical discharging machine normally to the main faces. The step of cutting the single crystal comprises moving a wire within a cut in direction from the second face to the first face; such that burrs configured for reflecting the X-ray beam to be incident thereto are formed on edges of the cut.

Abstract: A method of evaluating a maximal dose deposited by a non-uniform X-ray beam within a medium comprising the steps of: (a) irradiating said medium by said non-uniform X-ray beam penetrating into a depth of said medium along an axis of said X-ray beam; (b) incrementally measuring a number of transversal dose distributions at successive depths along said axis; (c) determining a maximum dose within each of said number of transversal dose distributions; and (d) calculating a 1-Dimesional depth dependance of said maximal doses obtained from said number of transversal dose distributions.

Abstract: A method of evaluating a maximal dose deposited by a non-uniform X-ray beam within a medium comprising the steps of: (a) irradiating said medium by said non-uniform X-ray beam penetrating into a depth of said medium along an axis of said X-ray beam; (b) incrementally measuring a number of transversal dose distributions at successive depths along said axis; (c) determining a maximum dose within each of said number of transversal dose distributions; and (d) calculating a 1-Dimensional depth dependence of said maximal doses obtained from said number of transversal dose distributions.

Abstract: A radiotherapy treatment system and method used for conducting radiographic X-ray imaging on a target organ during radiographic treatment. The system comprises (a) an x-ray beam source configurable to deliver an X-ray beam to a target organ, (b) optical means for converging and shaping said beam to a cone-shaped X-ray beam of photons which hit the target organ simultaneously, (c) multiple high-Z nanoparticles attachable to the target organ, said high-Z nanoparticles absorbing said X-ray radiation and emitting X-ray fluorescence (XRF) photons, (d) at least one XRF detector for detecting said XRF photons ejecting out of a patient's body, and (e) control means for controlling the radiotherapy treatment procedure.

Abstract: An X-ray system for providing a converging X-rays comprises: (a) an X-ray source having an optical axis thereof; and an X-ray lens comprising at least one ring having a Bragg reflecting surface formed by a plurality of single-crystal tiles. Each tile individually comprises an adjusting arrangement enabling a tridimensional individual displacement thereof in angular and translational manner.

Abstract: A method of a radiotherapy or radiosurgery treatment comprises steps of: (a) providing a converging x-ray beam source configured for emitting a converging X-ray beam propagating along an axis thereof; (b) emitting the converging x-ray beam towards a volume of treatment (VOT) having a length along the axis of the converging X-ray beam ranging between 2 mm and 5 cm within a patient's body such that a waist portion is within the VOT; (c) propagating the beam through tissues previously located relative to the VOT (PO); the VOT per se and tissues distally located to the VOT (DO). The converging X-ray beam characterized by a convergent angle ranging between 2 and 30 degrees providing 80% to 100% of a maximum dose is received by the VOT and less than 60% of the maximum dose is received by the PO and the DO.

Abstract: A method of evaluating a maximal dose deposited by a non-uniform X-ray beam within a medium comprising the steps of: (a) irradiating said medium by said non-uniform X-ray beam penetrating into a depth of said medium along an axis of said X-ray beam; (b) incrementally measuring a number of transversal dose distributions at successive depths along said axis; (c) determining a maximum dose within each of said number of transversal dose distributions; and (d) calculating a 1-Dimesional depth dependance of said maximal doses obtained from said number of transversal dose distributions.

Abstract: An X-ray system for providing a converging X-rays comprises: (a) an X-ray source having an optical axis thereof; and an X-ray lens comprising at least one ring having a Bragg reflecting surface formed by a plurality of single-crystal tiles. Each tile individually comprises an adjusting arrangement enabling a tridimensional individual displacement thereof in angular and translational manner.

Abstract: The present invention provides vicinal surfaces of polycrystalline materials and a method for their preparation. The method includes the deposition of a polycrystalline material on a substrate followed by removing the material from the substrate so as to expose a vicinal surface having stepped terraces. The step of removing the material from the substrate may be preceded by annealing. The vicinal surfaces are useful for a variety of applications.