Abstract: A simulation method for imaging of an underwater object is performed by simulating the object with a test panel having several strips of different brightness, and irradiating the test panel with a pulsed laser beam having three primary colors. From the reflected beam pulses, contrast values of the test stripes are computed for reflected pulses of each color in relation to the turbidity and visibility distance. The method may be used in conjunction with an imaging apparatus having a laser generation device which produces three primary colors of three different wavelengths; a laser beam detection device to receive the reflected beam pulses of respective primary colors, to determine intensities of the reflected beam pulses of respective primary colors, and to output three primary color signals to an image monitoring device.

Abstract: A method of heterogeneous reaction is described, comprising reacting a water-soluble component and an oil-soluble component dispersed in the water-soluble component or an aqueous medium containing the same. This dispersion is attained by passing the oil-soluble component through the micropores of a hydrophilic material as it is introduced into the aqueous medium. This hydrophilic material can be shaped into a desired form such as a membrane and a fabric. The flow rate, reaction rate and conversion are easy to control in the present method since the particle size of the oil-soluble component can be appropriately controlled. Furthermore, the present method does not need any stirring power nor an emulsification operation, and thus is advantageous from an economic standpoint.

Abstract: According to the present invention, main and subcombustion chambers into which fuel is fed directly in an atomized state and in each of which a swirl is formed, are formed in communication with each other in a top portion of a piston, in order to use not only gas oil but also other volatile fuels of low cetane number such as gasoline and alcohol. Further, in order to improve the combustion performance, fuel is supplied into the subcombustion chamber in a finely pulverized state for easier evaporation, and fuel is adhered as liquid films to the main and subcombustion chambers. By so doing, ignition is ensured in all load conditions and it becomes possible to effect evaporation and combustion on the wall surface of each combustion chamber. Consequently, it is possible to obtain a combustion performance which is low in combustion noise and vibration and also low in the formation of unburnt matter.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a combustion chamber for internal combustion engines using a volatile fuel of low certain number such as gasoline, alcohol or the like. The fuel is directly injected into communicating main and subsidiary combustion chambers which are formed side by side in the top wall of a piston and in which swirls are formed. The fuel is supplied into the main and subsidiary combustion chambers in atomized form to facilitate its volatilization, and partly deposited in the form a film which is easily volatilized by hot compressed air and wall heat in the respective combustion chambers. A spark plug is provided in the main and subsidiary combustion chambers to accelerate ignition of the atomized fuel supplied thereto.

Abstract: Described herein is a combustion chamber for internal combustion engine, including a protuberance extending radially inward from a peripheral wall surface of a combustion chamber which is formed by hollowing the top of a piston in the axial direction thereof. The protuberance induces rolling streams turning in the same direction as the fuel swirl thereby collecting air and atomized fuel in a region on the upstream side of the protuberance. The rolling stream serves to improve the ignition quality by enriching the concentration of fuel vapors in that locality. The flames generated in the vicinity of the protuberance are propagated to the atomized fuel which is supplied to other regions of the combustion chamber, thereby providing an internal combustion engine with improved ignition and combustion qualities.

Abstract: The invention provides a combustion chamber arrangement for an internal combustion engine which can attain stabilized firing performance and stabilized combustion performance during any load running of the engine. The combustion chamber arrangement includes a piston having a combustion chamber formed by recessing a top portion thereof along an axial direction, and a recessed portion formed by recessing a portion of a peripheral wall of the combustion chamber along the direction of the depth of the piston in a radially outward direction, whereby partially a rich mixture is produced within the recessed portion in order to improve the firing performance while mixture of a suitable concentration is dispersed and distributed within the combustion chamber so that the flame produced within the recessed portion may be propagated to the mixture within the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A direct injection type Diesel engine comprising a combustion chamber having an inner wall surface formed at a piston head of a piston reciprocated in a cylinder of the Diesel engine, and a fuel injection nozzle means mounted to a cylinder head of the Diesel engine, said fuel injection nozzle means having a main nozzle hole and an auxiliary nozzle hole, wherein the main nozzle hole is closed under low load of the Diesel engine to allow fuel to be injected from the auxiliary nozzle hole only. A part of the fuel injected from the auxiliary nozzle hole is allowed to collide with the inner wall surface of the combustion chamber arranged adjacent thereto, or is allowed to collide with an inner wall surface of a passage formed at the cylinder head, which inner wall surface is connected to the inner wall surface of the combustion chamber, thereby to be atomized, while a residual part of the fuel is allowed to flow along the inner wall surface of the combustion chamber.

Abstract: According to the present invention there is provided a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine constructed so that, in order to effect good combustion of fuel fed in atomized condition into a combustion chamber with a swirl formed therein, first the vaporization of the fuel fed in atomized condition is accelerated and then the thus-vaporized fuel is ignited.

Abstract: A combustion chamber for an internal-combustion engine of the direct fuel injection type using a volatile fuel having a low cetane number, such as alcohol. The combustion chamber comprises a main combustion chamber and an auxiliary combustion chamber which are formed in the crown of a piston so as to overlap each other and so that individual swirls of intake air are formed therein, respectively. The fuel highly atomized for quick evaporation is supplied to the auxiliary combustion chamber and fuel films are formed over the respective inner surfaces of the main and auxiliary combustion chambers for being vaporized by the heat of the walls of the main and auxiliary combustion chambers. Thus, the combustion chamber has excellent combustion characteristics, in which the air-fuel mixture is reliably ignited in the entire range of loaded operation of the engine, combustion noise and vibration are reduced, and the discharge of unburned substances is controlled.

Abstract: A diesel engine has a cylinder head, an auxiliary combustion chamber defined in the cylinder head, an atomization passage communicating with the auxiliary combustion chamber, and a fuel injection nozzle means mounted in the cylinder head and having a primary injection port opening into the auxiliary combustion chamber and a secondary injection port opening toward an inner wall surface of the atomization passage. When the diesel engine is under a low load, fuel is injected from the secondary injection port toward the inner wall surface of the atomization passage while fuel is prevented from being injected from the primary injection port, for thereby causing fuel to flow along an inner wall surface of the auxiliary combustion chamber, which is positioned downstream in the direction in which a swirl flows.

Abstract: Novel sulfur-containing complex esters are constituted with thiodipropionic acid, polyhydric alcohols having at least three valencies and monobasic acids having 5 - 24 carbon atoms. The sulfur-containing complex esters are excellent in the thermal stability and the lubricity, so that these esters are useful as base oils for spin finishing compositions for synthetic fibers.