Abstract: A structured organic film (SOF) is disclosed. The structured organic film also includes a plurality of segments, a plurality of linkers, and optionally a plurality of capping segments, where at least one or more capping segments may include at least one anionic species. Implementations of the structured organic film (SOF) include where all of the plurality of linkers are bonded to the plurality of segments. A concentration of ionic capping segments in the SOF is from about 0.1 to about 5.0 molar equivalents of ionic capping segments as compared to a concentration of nonionic segments in the SOF. At least one of the plurality of capping segments may include a hydroxysulfonic acid, a hydroxysulfinic acid, or a combination thereof. The structured organic film (SOF) has an ion exchange capacity (IEC) of from about 0.25 meq/g to about 5.00 meq/g.

Abstract: A structured organic film (SOF) is disclosed. The structured organic film also includes a plurality of segments, a plurality of linkers, and optionally a plurality of capping segments, where at least one or more capping segments may include at least one cationic species. Implementations of the structured organic film (SOF) include where all of the plurality of linkers are bonded to the plurality of segments. A concentration of ionic capping segments in the SOF is from about 0.1 to about 5.0 molar equivalents of ionic capping segments as compared to a concentration of nonionic segments in the SOF. An ion-exchange membrane may include the structured organic film (SOF).

Abstract: A structured organic film (SOF) is disclosed. The structured organic film includes a plurality of segments, a plurality of linkers, and a plurality of capping segments. The structured organic film also includes a first surface of the SOF. The film also includes a parallel second surface of the SOF connected to the first surface by a thickness of the SOF, where a segment to capping segment ratio is greater at the first surface as compared to the parallel second surface. A membrane including a free-standing film comprised of a structured organic film is also disclosed.

Abstract: Polymer particles that comprise a thermoplastic polymer and a nucleating agent may be useful in additive manufacturing methods where warping may be mitigated. For example, a method of producing sais polymer particles may comprise: a thermoplastic polymer, a nucleating agent, a carrier fluid, and optionally an emulsion stabilizer at a temperature at or greater than a melting point or softening temperature of the thermoplastic polymer to emulsify a thermoplastic polymer melt in the carrier fluid; cooling the mixture to form polymer particles; and separating the polymer particles from the carrier fluid, wherein the polymer particles comprise the thermoplastic polymer, the nucleating agent, the emulsion stabilizer, if included, and wherein the polymer particles have a crystallization temperature that is substantially the same as a crystallization temperature of the thermoplastic polymer prior to mixing.

Abstract: A nonlimiting example method of forming highly spherical carbon nanomaterial-graft-polyolefin (CNM-g-polyolefin) particles may comprising: mixing a mixture comprising: (a) a CNM-g-polyolefin comprising a polyolefin grafted to a carbon nanomaterial, (b) a carrier fluid that is immiscible with the polyolefin of the CNM-g-polyolefin, optionally (c) a thermoplastic polymer not grafted to a CNM, and optionally (d) an emulsion stabilizer at a temperature greater than a melting point or softening temperature of the polyolefin of the CNM-g-polyolefin and the thermoplastic polymer, when included, and at a shear rate sufficiently high to disperse the CNM-g-polyolefin in the carrier fluid; cooling the mixture to below the melting point or softening temperature to form the CNM-g-polyolefin particles; and separating the CNM-g-polyolefin particles from the carrier fluid.

Abstract: Melt emulsification may be employed to form elastomeric particulates in a narrow size range when nanoparticles are included as an emulsion stabilizer. Such processes may comprise combining a polyurethane polymer and nanoparticles with a carrier fluid at a heating temperature at or above a melting point or a softening temperature of the polyurethane polymer, applying sufficient shear to disperse the polyurethane polymer as liquefied droplets in the presence of the nanoparticles in the carrier fluid at the heating temperature, cooling the carrier fluid at least until elastomeric particulates in a solidified state form, and separating the elastomeric particulates from the carrier fluid. In the elastomeric particulates, the polyurethane polymer defines a core and an outer surface of the elastomeric particulates and the nanoparticles are associated with the outer surface. The elastomeric particulates may have a D50 of about 1 ?m to about 1,000 ?m.

Abstract: Polymer particles that comprise a thermoplastic polymer and a nucleating agent may be useful in additive manufacturing methods where warping may be mitigated. For example, a method of producing said polymer particles may comprise: mixing a mixture comprising a thermoplastic polymer, a nucleating agent, a carrier fluid, and optionally an emulsion stabilizer at a temperature at or greater than a melting point or softening temperature of the thermoplastic polymer to emulsify a thermoplastic polymer melt in the carrier fluid; cooling the mixture to form polymer particles; and separating the polymer particles from the carrier fluid, wherein the polymer particles comprise the thermoplastic polymer, the nucleating agent, the emulsion stabilizer, if included, and wherein the polymer particles have a crystallization temperature that is substantially the same as a crystallization temperature of the thermoplastic polymer prior to mixing.

Abstract: Pigmented polymer particles may comprise a thermoplastic polymer and a pigment, wherein at least some of the pigmented polymer particles have a morphology according to (a), (b), (c), or any combination thereof: (a) the pigment having a coating comprising the thermoplastic polymer and the coated pigment adhered to a thermoplastic polymer particle, (b) the pigment being embedded in an outer surface of the thermoplastic polymer particle, and (c) the pigment being encapsulated by the thermoplastic polymer particle. The pigmented polymer particles, especially the highly spherical pigmented polymer particles, may be useful, among other things, as starting material for additive manufacturing. For example, a method may comprise: depositing, upon a surface, the foregoing pigmented polymer particles optionally in combination with other thermoplastic polymer particles; and once deposited, heating at least a portion of the particles to promote consolidation thereof and form a consolidated body.

Abstract: Pigmented polymer particles may comprise a thermoplastic polymer and a pigment, wherein at least some of the pigmented polymer particles have a morphology according to (a), (b), (c), or any combination thereof: (a) the pigment having a coating comprising the thermoplastic polymer and the coated pigment adhered to a thermoplastic polymer particle, (b) the pigment being embedded in an outer surface of the thermoplastic polymer particle, and (c) the pigment being encapsulated by the thermoplastic polymer particle. The pigmented polymer particles, especially the highly spherical pigmented polymer particles, may be useful, among other things, as starting material for additive manufacturing. For example, a method may comprise: depositing, upon a surface, the foregoing pigmented polymer particles optionally in combination with other thermoplastic polymer particles; and once deposited, heating at least a portion of the particles to promote consolidation thereof and form a consolidated body.

Abstract: Melt emulsification may be employed to form elastomeric particulates in a narrow size range when nanoparticles and a sulfonate surfactant are included as emulsion stabilizers. Such processes may comprise combining a polyurethane polymer, a sulfonate surfactant, and nanoparticles with a carrier fluid at a heating temperature at or above a melting point or softening temperature of the polyurethane polymer, applying sufficient shear to disperse the polyurethane polymer as liquefied droplets in the presence of the nanoparticles in the carrier fluid at the heating temperature, cooling the carrier fluid at least until elastomeric particulates in a solidified state form, and separating the elastomeric particulates from the carrier fluid. The polyurethane polymer defines a core and an outer surface of the elastomeric particulates, and the nanoparticles are associated with the outer surface. The elastomeric particulates may have a span of about 0.9 or less.

Abstract: A process including providing a three-dimensional printing powder dispersion comprising a three-dimensional printing powder, an optional dispersing agent, and water; providing an emulsion of an organic polymeric additive; combining the three-dimensional printing powder dispersion and the emulsion of organic polymeric additive to form a mixture comprising the three-dimensional printing powder dispersion and the emulsion of organic polymeric additive; and drying the mixture of the three-dimensional printing powder dispersion and the emulsion of organic polymeric additive.

Abstract: Thermoplastic polymer particles suitable for use in additive manufacturing and related methods may comprise lignin. For example, said polymer particles may comprise a thermoplastic polymer, a lignin, optionally an emulsion stabilizer, and optionally a compatibilizer. Said polymer particles may be produced by melt emulsification methods and be highly spherical and, consequently, suited for selective laser sintering methods of additive manufacturing.

Abstract: Polymer particles that comprise a thermoplastic polymer and a nucleating agent may be useful in additive manufacturing methods where warping may be mitigated. For example, a method of producing sais polymer particles may comprise: a thermoplastic polymer, a nucleating agent, a carrier fluid, and optionally an emulsion stabilizer at a temperature at or greater than a melting point or softening temperature of the thermoplastic polymer to emulsify a thermoplastic polymer melt in the carrier fluid; cooling the mixture to form polymer particles; and separating the polymer particles from the carrier fluid, wherein the polymer particles comprise the thermoplastic polymer, the nucleating agent, the emulsion stabilizer, if included, and wherein the polymer particles have a crystallization temperature that is substantially the same as a crystallization temperature of the thermoplastic polymer prior to mixing.

Abstract: Highly spherical particles may comprise a thermoplastic polymer grafted to a carbon nanomaterial (CNM-g-polymer), wherein the particles have an aerated density of about 0.5 g/cm3 (preferably about 0.55 g/cm3) to about 0.8 g/cm3. Said CNM-g-polymer particles may be useful in a variety of applications including selective laser sintering additive manufacturing methods.

Abstract: A nonlimiting example method of forming highly spherical carbon nanomaterial-graft-polyamide (CNM-g-polyamide) polymer particles may comprising: mixing a mixture comprising: (a) carbon nanomaterial-graft-polyamide (CNM-g-polyamide), wherein the CNM-g-polyamide particles comprises: a polyamide grafted to a carbon nanomaterial, (b) a carrier fluid that is immiscible with the polyamide of the CNM-g-polyamide, optionally (c) a thermoplastic polymer not grafted to a CNM, and optionally (d) an emulsion stabilizer at a temperature greater than a melting point or softening temperature of the polyamide of the CNM-g-polyamide and the thermoplastic polymer, when included, and at a shear rate sufficiently high to disperse the CNM-g-polyamide in the carrier fluid; cooling the mixture to below the melting point or softening temperature to form CNM-g-polyamide particles; and separating the CNM-g-polyamide particles from the carrier fluid.

Abstract: A nonlimiting example method of forming highly spherical carbon nanomaterial-graft-polyurethane (CNM-g-polyurethane) particles may comprising: mixing a mixture comprising: (a) carbon nanomaterial-graft-polyurethane (CNM-g-polyurethane), wherein the CNM-g-polyurethane particles comprises: a polyurethane grafted to a carbon nanomaterial, (b) a carrier fluid that is immiscible with the polyurethane of the CNM-g-polyurethane, optionally (c) a thermoplastic polymer not grafted to a CNM, and optionally (d) an emulsion stabilizer at a temperature greater than a melting point or softening temperature of the polyurethane of the CNM-g-polyurethane and the thermoplastic polymer, when included, and at a shear rate sufficiently high to disperse the CNM-g-polyurethane in the carrier fluid; cooling the mixture to below the melting point or softening temperature to form CNM-g-polyurethane particles; and separating the CNM-g-polyurethane particles from the carrier fluid.

Abstract: A nonlimiting example method of forming highly spherical carbon nanomaterial-graft-polyolefin (CNM-g-polyolefin) particles may comprising: mixing a mixture comprising: (a) a CNM-g-polyolefin comprising a polyolefin grafted to a carbon nanomaterial, (b) a carrier fluid that is immiscible with the polyolefin of the CNM-g-polyolefin, optionally (c) a thermoplastic polymer not grafted to a CNM, and optionally (d) an emulsion stabilizer at a temperature greater than a melting point or softening temperature of the polyolefin of the CNM-g-polyolefin and the thermoplastic polymer, when included, and at a shear rate sufficiently high to disperse the CNM-g-polyolefin in the carrier fluid; cooling the mixture to below the melting point or softening temperature to form the CNM-g-polyolefin particles; and separating the CNM-g-polyolefin particles from the carrier fluid.

Abstract: Pigmented polymer particles may comprise a thermoplastic polymer and a pigment, wherein at least some of the pigmented polymer particles have a morphology according to (a), (b), (c), or any combination thereof: (a) the pigment having a coating comprising the thermoplastic polymer and the coated pigment adhered to a thermoplastic polymer particle, (b) the pigment being embedded in an outer surface of the thermoplastic polymer particle, and (c) the pigment being encapsulated by the thermoplastic polymer particle. The pigmented polymer particles, especially the highly spherical pigmented polymer particles, may be useful, among other things, as starting material for additive manufacturing. For example, a method may comprise: depositing, upon a surface, the foregoing pigmented polymer particles optionally in combination with other thermoplastic polymer particles; and once deposited, heating at least a portion of the particles to promote consolidation thereof and form a consolidated body.

Abstract: A toner including toner particles comprising at least one resin, in combination with an optional colorant, and an optional wax; and a copolymer toner additive on at least a portion of an external surface of the toner particles, the copolymer toner additive comprising a first monomer having a high carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 3 to about 8; and a second monomer comprising two or more vinyl groups, wherein the second monomer is present in the copolymer in an amount of from greater than about 8 percent by weight to about 60 percent by weight, based on the weight of the copolymer; wherein the copolymer toner additive has a volume average particle diameter of from about 20 nanometers to less than about 70 nanometers. An emulsion aggregation toner process including the copolymer as a toner surface additive.

Abstract: A polymeric composition including a copolymer comprising a first monomer having a high carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 3 to about 8; a second monomer comprising two or more vinyl groups, wherein the second monomer is present in the copolymer in an amount of from greater than about 8 percent by weight to about 40 percent by weight, based on the weight of the copolymer; and optionally, a third monomer comprising an amine, wherein the third monomer is present in an amount of from about 0.1 percent by weight to about 1.5 percent by weight, based on the weight of the copolymer; and a surfactant, wherein the surfactant has a minimum surface tension at critical micelle concentration of less than about 30 mN/m. A toner including the copolymer as a toner surface additive. An emulsion aggregation toner process including the copolymer as a toner surface additive.