Abstract: The invention relates to a two-way data communication apparatus in television broadcast or data broadcast signal transmitted through telephone circuit, and a two-way data communication apparatus according to this method, and more particularly, in a system having a response server and an individual information server connected to a telephone circuit, the apparatus comprises data broadcast decoder means for decoding television broadcast or data broadcast signal transmitted through telephone circuit, display means for displaying the information of television broadcast or data broadcast, and a modem connected to the telephone circuit, and moreover by installing user information control means for controlling the individual information server, the individual information can be controlled exclusively, and by registering, updating, collating and confirming it securely, efficient keeping of user information and confidence are achieved, and problems in two-way communication are prevented.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for thin film formation using off-set printing techniques, wherein a film-forming material is coated uniformly on a platform, which material is then transferred onto an object on which a thin film is to be formed. Coating the material on the platform is carried out by moving on the platform a roll coater which includes a distributing roller and a coating roller and which feeds the film-forming material onto the platform and by rotating the coating roller in a direction at which slippage in engagement between the coating roller and the platform is always involved in relation with the movement of the roll coater.

Abstract: Transparent conductive films produced by a series of steps comprising a coating step in which a solution obtained by dissolving an indium compound and a tin compound in an organic solvent is coated on a substrate; a preliminary drying step in which the coated substrate is dried at a temperature of 35.degree. to 100.degree. C.; a temperature rise step in which the coated substrate is heated at a temperature rise rate of 20.degree. C./min or more up to 400.degree. C. or higher; and a calcination step in which the coated substrate is calcined at a temperature of 400.degree. C. or higher, or by repeating said series of steps two or more times, have excellent properties such as strong adhesive strength to a substrate, excellent transmittance and remarkably low sheet resistance.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element is produced by forming an electrical insulating metal oxide film on a transparent glass substrate, forming a transparent conductive film thereon by coating a coating solution prepared by diluting a solute comprising indium, tin, a .beta.-diketone and nitric acid with an organic solvent, followed by calcination, etching the transparent conductive film to give electrodes having desired patterns, placing the two resulting glass substrates in parallel so that individual electrodes at the inner side stand opposite to each other, and enclosing a liquid crystal material in the space formed between the two glass substrates. The liquid crystal display element thus produced has transparent electrodes which have low sheet resistance, enhanced mechanical strength and strong adhesive strength to the glass substrate.