Abstract: A conductive member contains silicone rubber and a conductive agent. The total content of cyclic dimethylpolysiloxane having 3 to 24 silicon atoms in the conductive member is 5000 ppm or less.

Abstract: A conductive member contains silicone rubber and a conductive agent. The total content of cyclic dimethylpolysiloxane having 3 to 24 silicon atoms in the conductive member is 5000 ppm or less.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive substrate, an elastic layer disposed on the conductive substrate, and a surface layer disposed on the elastic layer. Regarding the surface of the surface layer, in the axial direction, the ratio of the mean spacing of profile irregularities Sm to the ten-point mean roughness Rz and the reduced peak height Spk respectively satisfy 15?Sm/Rz?35 and Spk?5 ?m.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive substrate, an elastic layer disposed on the conductive substrate, and a surface layer disposed on the elastic layer. Regarding the surface of the surface layer, in the axial direction, the ratio of the mean spacing of profile irregularities Sm to the ten-point mean roughness Rz and the reduced peak height Spk respectively satisfy 15?Sm/Rz?35 and Spk?5 ?m.

Abstract: A conductive member includes a conductive substrate; and a conductive elastic layer disposed on the conductive substrate and exhibiting ionic conduction. The conductive elastic layer contains an elastic material, which contains epichlorohydrin rubber, and an anti-aging agent, and the amount of free chlorine ions in the conductive elastic layer is 1 ?g/g or more and 80 ?g/g or less.

Abstract: A height of convexities in a 0.7-mm-square area of a surface of the charging member is measured at five or more different positions in an axial direction and calculated. A height of a position where the charging member occupies 0.01 area % from a highest portion is defined as a reference height. An average proportion of areas occupied by the charging member at a position 1.7 ?m lower than the reference height is 2 area % or less relative to 100 area % of the 0.7-mm-square area.

Abstract: A height of convexities in a 0.7-mm-square area of a surface of the charging member is measured at five or more different positions in an axial direction and calculated. A height of a position where the charging member occupies 0.01 area % from a highest portion is defined as a reference height. An average proportion of areas occupied by the charging member at a position 1.7 ?m lower than the reference height is 2 area % or less relative to 100 area % of the 0.7-mm-square area.

Abstract: A conductive member includes a conductive substrate; and a conductive elastic layer disposed on the conductive substrate and exhibiting ionic conduction. The conductive elastic layer contains an elastic material, which contains epichlorohydrin rubber, and a layered inorganic compound, and the amount of free chlorine ions in the conductive elastic layer is 1 ?g/g or more and 80 ?g/g or less.

Abstract: A conductive member includes a conductive substrate; and a conductive elastic layer disposed on the conductive substrate and exhibiting ionic conduction. The conductive elastic layer contains an elastic material, which contains epichlorohydrin rubber, and an anti-aging agent, and the amount of free chlorine ions in the conductive elastic layer is 1 ?g/g or more and 80 ?g/g or less.

Abstract: A conductive member includes a conductive substrate; and a conductive elastic layer disposed on the conductive substrate and exhibiting ionic conduction. The conductive elastic layer contains an elastic material, which contains epichlorohydrin rubber, and a layered inorganic compound, and the amount of free chlorine ions in the conductive elastic layer is 1 ?g/g or more and 80 ?g/g or less.

Abstract: A conductive member includes a conductive substrate; and a conductive elastic layer disposed on the conductive substrate and exhibiting ionic conduction. The conductive elastic layer contains an elastic material containing epichlorohydrin rubber, and the amount of free chlorine ions in the conductive elastic layer is 1 ?g/g or more and 80 ?g/g or less.

Abstract: A roller member includes a core member; a substantially round-cylindrical elastic member through which the core member extends and having chamfered portions, the chamfered portions each provided at two respective ends of the elastic member and having a surface roughness of about 50 ?m or less; and a coating film provided over an outer peripheral surface of the elastic member and at least a part of each of the chamfered portions.

Abstract: A roller member includes a core member; a substantially round-cylindrical elastic member through which the core member extends and having chamfered portions, the chamfered portions each provided at two respective ends of the elastic member and having a surface roughness of about 50 ?m or less; and a coating film provided over an outer peripheral surface of the elastic member and at least a part of each of the chamfered portions.

Abstract: An elastic member includes a support and an elastic layer on the support. The elastic layer contains a rubber material and a softener having a number average molecular weight Mn of about 600 to about 1,000 and a ratio (Mw/Mn) of weight average molecular weight Mw to number average molecular weight Mn of about 2.5 or less.

Abstract: A conductive member includes: a conductive support; a conductive elastic layer that is provided on the conductive support and includes a vulcanizate of an unvulcanized rubber material; and a surface layer that is provided on the conductive elastic layer and includes a cured product of an oxygen-curable unsaturated compound.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive support, a conductive adhesive layer that is arranged on the conductive support and contains a crosslinking agent having two or more functional groups reacting with a halogen group and a resin having a halogen group, and an elastic layer that is arranged so as to contact with the conductive adhesive layer and contains a rubber material having a halogen group, wherein the resin having a halogen group in the conductive adhesive layer and the rubber material having a halogen group in the elastic layer are cross-linked by reaction with the crosslinking agent at least at an interface between the conductive adhesive layer and the elastic layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a roll member including a core, and an elastic layer arranged on the core, the elastic layer containing a rubber material and polyalphaolefin.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive support, and a conductive elastic layer that is provided on an outer peripheral surface of the conductive support and includes a rubber material and inorganic particles, and in which an average dispersion degree of aggregates of the inorganic particles is 95% or greater and a maximum particle diameter of the aggregates of the inorganic particles is 200 ?m or less.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive support, a conductive adhesive layer that is arranged on the conductive support and contains a crosslinking agent having two or more functional groups reacting with a halogen group and a resin having a halogen group, and an elastic layer that is arranged so as to contact with the conductive adhesive layer and contains a rubber material having a halogen group, wherein the resin having a halogen group in the conductive adhesive layer and the rubber material having a halogen group in the elastic layer are cross-linked by reaction with the crosslinking agent at least at an interface between the conductive adhesive layer and the elastic layer.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive support and a conductive elastic layer on the conductive support. The conductive elastic layer is made of a crosslinked product of a rubber composition containing a ternary epichlorohydrin rubber that is a copolymer of epichlorohydrin, an alkylene oxide, and allyl glycidyl ether; 4,4?-dithiodimorpholine; and a vulcanization accelerator that is a metal salt in an amount corresponding to 0.003 to 0.04 mol of metal per 100 g of the ternary epichlorohydrin rubber. The conductive elastic layer has a compression set of 20% or less.