Abstract: Provided an electrophotographic member capable of causing less fog in an H/H environment even when used in a torque-reduced image forming apparatus. The member comprises an electro-conductive substrate, an electro-conductive layer thereon and insulating parts, the member having a surface having an electrical insulating first region and an electro-conductive second region, the first region and the second region being adjacent to each other, a total area of the second region in a square region put on an outer surface of the member is 30% to 80% of an area of the square region; two or more of the 200 straight lines drawn in the square region at an interval of 5 ?m pass the second region at least once, and, the number of line segment LS having a length of 200 ?m or more is 5% or less of the total number of the line segment LS.

Abstract: Provided is a developer carrying member that enables stable formation of images of high quality even on recording paper having a high talc content. The developer carrying member includes a conductive base member and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer includes a urethane resin, and the urethane resin has a carbonate bond and a tertiary amine structure.

Abstract: Provided is a developer carrying member that enables stable formation of images of high quality even on recording paper having a high talc content. The developer carrying member includes a conductive base member and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer includes a urethane resin, and the urethane resin has a carbonate bond and a tertiary amine structure.

Abstract: The developer carrying member, includes: an electroconductive substrate; and a surface layer containing a resin, on the substrate, in which a thickness of the surface layer is 1.0 ?m or more and 100.0 ?m or less, a Martens hardness at an indentation depth of 0.1 ?m that is measured by infiltrating a Vickers indenter in a thickness direction of the surface layer from an outer surface of the surface layer is 50.0 N/mm2 or more and 100.0 N/mm2 or less, an Asker C hardness that is measured from the outer surface of the surface layer is 75° or more and 90° or less, and a value of a work function of the outer surface of the surface layer is 5.6 eV or more and 6.0 eV or less.

Abstract: The developer carrying member, includes: an electroconductive substrate; and a surface layer containing a resin, on the substrate, in which a thickness of the surface layer is 1.0 ?m or more and 100.0 ?m or less, a Martens hardness at an indentation depth of 0.1 ?m that is measured by infiltrating a Vickers indenter in a thickness direction of the surface layer from an outer surface of the surface layer is 50.0 N/mm2 or more and 100.0 N/mm2 or less, an Asker C hardness that is measured from the outer surface of the surface layer is 75° or more and 90° or less, and a value of a work function of the outer surface of the surface layer is 5.6 eV or more and 6.0 eV or less.

Abstract: Provided is a developer carrying member that enables stable formation of images of high quality even on recording paper having a high talc content. The developer carrying member includes a conductive base member and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer includes a urethane resin, and the urethane resin has a carbonate bond and a tertiary amine structure.

Abstract: The electrophotographic member comprises: an electroconductive substrate; and an electroconductive layer on or above the substrate, an outer surface of the electrophotographic member having electrically insulating first regions and an electroconductive second region, each of the first regions being adjacent to the second region, wherein assuming that a square region having a side length of 300 ?m is put on an outer surface of the electrophotographic member, in the square regions, the first regions are included, and assuming that Voronoi tessellation is conducted with respect to the first regions in the square region to create Voronoi polygons, a coefficient of variation of S1/SV is from 0.10 to 1.00, where SV denotes a plane area of each of the Voronoi polygons, and S1 denotes a plane area of one of the first regions included in each of the Voronoi polygons.

Abstract: Provided an electrophotographic member capable of causing less fog in an H/H environment even when used in a torque-reduced image forming apparatus. The member comprises an electro-conductive substrate, an electro-conductive layer thereon and insulating parts, the member having a surface having an electrical insulating first region and an electro-conductive second region, the first region and the second region being adjacent to each other, a total area of the second region in a square region put on an outer surface of the member is 30% to 80% of an area of the square region; two or more of the 200 straight lines drawn in the square region at an interval of 5 ?m pass the second region at least once, and, the number of line segment LS having a length of 200 ?m or more is 5% or less of the total number of the line segment LS.

Abstract: The electrophotographic member comprises: an electroconductive substrate; and an electroconductive layer on or above the substrate, an outer surface of the electrophotographic member having electrically insulating first regions and an electroconductive second region, each of the first regions being adjacent to the second region, wherein assuming that a square region having a side length of 300 ?m is put on an outer surface of the electrophotographic member, in the square regions, the first regions are included, and assuming that Voronoi tessellation is conducted with respect to the first regions in the square region to create Voronoi polygons, a coefficient of variation of S1/SV is from 0.10 to 1.00, where SV denotes a plane area of each of the Voronoi polygons, and S1 denotes a plane area of one of the first regions included in each of the Voronoi polygons.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic member including an electro-conductive substrate and a surface layer on the substrate. The surface layer contains a urethane resin and a first polymer having a specific nitrogen-containing structure. The urethane resin has a structure derived from a second polymer containing a fluorine atom or a structure derived from a third polymer containing a fluorine atom and a silicon atom. The surface layer contains nitrogen atoms derived from the nitrogen-containing structure at a specific ratio in a region from the outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 300 nm, and the atomic ratios of nitrogen atoms, fluorine atoms, and silicon atoms in a region from a depth of 100 nm from the outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 300 nm and a region from the outer surface to a depth of 10 nm have specific relationships.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic member which has a high ability to impart charge to toners while the charge imparting ability is unlikely to be reduced even under an environment at high temperature and high humidity. The electrophotographic member comprises a substrate, an elastic layer formed on the substrate, an intermediate layer covering the surface of the elastic layer, and a surface layer covering the surface of the intermediate layer, wherein the intermediate layer contains a binder resin and a polymer having a specific structure, the surface layer contains silicon oxide, and the surface layer has a thickness of 10 nm or more and 300 nm or less.

Abstract: A member for electrophotography has an electro-conductive base and at least one electro-conductive resin layer, in which the electro-conductive resin layer of the outermost layer contains urethane resin and the urethane resin has a structure of a silicone graft fluororesin and a structure represented by Formula (1)

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic member that is excellent in charge-imparting performance for a toner, and that hardly causes tackiness on its surface even when placed under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment over a long time period. The electrophotographic member includes a substrate and a surface layer, in which the surface layer satisfies the following requirements (A) and (B): (A) the surface layer contains, in a region from its surface to a depth of up to 0.1 ?m, a copolymer containing a constituent unit represented by the following structural formula (1), and at least one selected from the group consisting of a constituent unit represented by the following structural formula (2) and a constituent unit represented by the following structural formula (3); and (B) the concentration of a nitrogen atom derived from a nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic amine structure in the copolymer is from 6.0 mass % to 30.0 mass %.

Abstract: The electrophotographic member includes an electroconductive substrate and an electroconductive surface layer. The surface layer contains an electroconductivity imparting agent and a polyrotaxane including a first and a second polyrotaxane molecule. The first polyrotaxane molecule includes a first cyclic molecule, and the second polyrotaxane molecule includes a second cyclic molecule. The cyclic molecules of the first and the second polyrotaxane molecules are bound in such a manner that the oxygen atom of a hydroxy group of the first cyclic molecule and the oxygen atom of a hydroxy group of the second cyclic molecule are bound with a structure represented by the following formula (1): *—R1—Z—R2—** In this formula, z represents a linking group, and “*” and “**” represent binding sites to be bound to either of the oxygen atoms derived from the hydroxy groups of the first and the second cyclic molecule. R1 and R2 each represent a specific structure.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic member including an electro-conductive substrate and a surface layer on the substrate. The surface layer contains a urethane resin and a first polymer having a specific nitrogen-containing structure. The urethane resin has a structure derived from a second polymer containing a fluorine atom or a structure derived from a third polymer containing a fluorine atom and a silicon atom. The surface layer contains nitrogen atoms derived from the nitrogen-containing structure at a specific ratio in a region from the outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 300 nm, and the atomic ratios of nitrogen atoms, fluorine atoms, and silicon atoms in a region from a depth of 100 nm from the outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 300 nm and a region from the outer surface to a depth of 10 nm have specific relationships.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic member which has a high ability to impart charge to toners while the charge imparting ability is unlikely to be reduced even under an environment at high temperature and high humidity. The electrophotographic member comprises a substrate, an elastic layer formed on the substrate, an intermediate layer covering the surface of the elastic layer, and a surface layer covering the surface of the intermediate layer, wherein the intermediate layer contains a binder resin and a polymer having a specific structure, the surface layer contains silicon oxide, and the surface layer has a thickness of 10 nm or more and 300 nm or less.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic member that is excellent in charge-imparting performance for a toner, and that hardly causes tackiness on its surface even when placed under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment over a long time period. The electrophotographic member includes a substrate and a surface layer, in which the surface layer satisfies the following requirements (A) and (B): (A) the surface layer contains, in a region from its surface to a depth of up to 0.1 ?m, a copolymer containing a constituent unit represented by the following structural formula (1), and at least one selected from the group consisting of a constituent unit represented by the following structural formula (2) and a constituent unit represented by the following structural formula (3); and (B) the concentration of a nitrogen atom derived from a nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic amine structure in the copolymer is from 6.0 mass % to 30.0 mass %.

Abstract: A member for electrophotography has an electro-conductive base and at least one electro-conductive resin layer, in which the electro-conductive resin layer of the outermost layer contains urethane resin and the urethane resin has a structure of a silicone graft fluororesin and a structure represented by Formula (1)

Abstract: The electrophotographic member includes an electroconductive substrate and an electroconductive surface layer. The surface layer contains an electroconductivity imparting agent and a polyrotaxane including a first and a second polyrotaxane molecule. The first polyrotaxane molecule includes a first cyclic molecule, and the second polyrotaxane molecule includes a second cyclic molecule. The cyclic molecules of the first and the second polyrotaxane molecules are bound in such a manner that the oxygen atom of a hydroxy group of the first cyclic molecule and the oxygen atom of a hydroxy group of the second cyclic molecule are bound with a structure represented by the following structural formula (1): *-R1-Z-R2-** In this formula, z represents a linking group, and signs “*” and “**” represent binding sites to be bound to either of the oxygen atoms derived from the hydroxy groups of the first and the second cyclic molecule. R1 and R2 each represent a specific structure.

Abstract: An electro-conductive member for electrophotography contributing to stable formation of high-quality electrophotographic images under a variety of environments is provided. The electro-conductive member has an electro-conductive substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and an electro-conductive surface layer covering a surface of the elastic layer, wherein the electro-conductive surface layer contains a matrix in which a urethane resin and a silicon oxide exist in a non-phase-separated state, and the matrix has a peak of a Si—N bond derived from a polysilazane in a wavelength region from 800 cm?1 or higher and 950 cm?1 or lower in an infrared absorption spectrum of the matrix.