Abstract: An electric charging apparatus charges a surface of a charging object. The electric charging apparatus includes an electric field forming device including two electrodes facing each other that form an electric field therebetween. An electron discharging member is provided at a portion of one of the two electrodes that faces the other electrode and discharges electrons into the electric field. The electric charging apparatus also includes a voltage applying controller that controls a voltage applied to the two electrodes. The voltage applying controller selects two or more nonzero intensities of the electric field.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a lamination body of an electrolytic body and a particle includes the steps of: a) electrostatically charging an electrostatic carrier configured to carry static electricity at a designated polarity; b) contacting the electrostatically charged electrostatic carrier with dispersion liquid formed by dispersing the particle electrostatically charged at a polarity reversed to the designated polarity into a dispersion medium; and c) transferring the particle adhering to the electrostatic carrier to the electrolytic body made of electrolyte.

Abstract: An electron emission element according to the present invention is compact, thin and low cost, and has a structure and constitution in which deterioration of the electron emission material itself is low. In the electron emission element, boron nitride material is used as the electron emission material, and a metal material or a semiconductor material is used as a substrate for forming the boron nitride material. In this way it is possible to obtain good quality boron nitride material on the substrate. Also, a voltage can be applied to the material to emit electrons, also electrons can be supplied. Moreover, by using Sp3-bonded boron nitride as the boron nitride material, and using Sp3-bonded 5H—BN material or Sp3-bonded 6H—BN material as the Sp3-bonded boron nitride, a field electron emission element can be achieved for which high efficiency electron emission characteristics unprecedented in conventional art can be obtained.

Abstract: An electric charging apparatus and an image forming apparatus using the electric charging apparatus, capable of stably discharging electrons and reducing deterioration in an electron discharging member, which includes an electric field forming device including two electrodes facing each other to form electric field therebetween including an electron discharging member provided at a portion of one of the electrodes, where the portion faces the other electrode, to discharge electrons into the electric field, and a voltage applying controller to control voltage applied to the electrodes, wherein the voltage applying controller selects two or more intensities of the electric field.

Abstract: An anode is formed by a metal electrocatalyst including an element mixture made up of platinum and at least one of ruthenium and molybdenum as an active constituent which electrocatalyst is fabricated under vacuum using a vapor phase method, and in this way, the speed of electrode oxidation reaction of alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol may be substantially increased. Also, by using such an electrocatalyst as the anode, a direct alcohol fuel cell with a high output may be realized using alcohol that is not reformed as fuel.

Abstract: An electron emission element according to the present invention is compact, thin and low cost, and has a structure and constitution in which deterioration of the electron emission material itself is low. In the electron emission element, boron nitride material is used as the electron emission material, and a metal material or a semiconductor material is used as a substrate for forming the boron nitride material. In this way it is possible to obtain good quality boron nitride material on the substrate. Also, a voltage can be applied to the material to emit electrons, also electrons can be supplied. Moreover, by using Sp3-bonded boron nitride as the boron nitride material, and using Sp3-bonded 5H—BN material or Sp3-bonded 6H—BN material as the Sp3-bonded boron nitride, a field electron emission element can be achieved for which high efficiency electron emission characteristics unprecedented in conventional art can be obtained.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a lamination body of an electrolytic body and a particle includes the steps of: a) electrostatically charging an electrostatic carrier configured to carry static electricity at a designated polarity; b) contacting the electrostatically charged electrostatic carrier with dispersion liquid formed by dispersing the particle electrostatically charged at a polarity reversed to the designated polarity into a dispersion medium; and c) transferring the particle adhering to the electrostatic carrier to the electrolytic body made of electrolyte.

Abstract: A charging device which charges a body to be charged. At least a pair of linear electrodes is provided on a substrate so as to be close to each other. Walls are provided near the linear electrodes. Each of the walls has a height larger than a line width of each of the linear electrodes. The linear electrodes are surrounded by the walls and the substrate. The charging device alternatively includes a plurality of dielectrics and electrodes disposed along a first direction facing a drum so that the plurality of dielectrics sandwich the plurality of electrodes along a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, the dielectrics have a height larger than a height of the electrodes along the first direction, and at least two neighboring electrodes have different shapes.