Abstract: A three-dimensional modeling apparatus includes a carrier configured to carry a modeling material, a device configured to cause the modeling material carried by the carrier to fly to the surface of an object, and an external force applying member configured to apply a predetermined external force to the modeling material when the modeling material is flying.

Abstract: An apparatus configured to fly a light-absorbing material, includes a unit configured to irradiate a light-absorbing material absorbing light with a laser beam corresponding to a light absorption wavelength of the light-absorbing material to fly the light-absorbing material. When a preceding beam radiation region and a following beam radiation region overlap, the following beam radiation region is irradiated with the laser beam such that a beam centroid position is outside the preceding beam radiation region.

Abstract: A substrate having a first pattern formed on a surface or in an inside of the substrate, or on the surface and in the inside of the substrate, wherein the first pattern is constituted by an aggregate of second patterns.

Abstract: A device for applying at least a first energy to a substrate includes a conversion material application unit configured to apply a conversion material for converting a second energy to the first energy to the substrate and an energy application unit configured to apply the second energy to the conversion material applied to the substrate, wherein the second energy corresponds to an amount of heat not less than heat of evaporation of the conversion material.

Abstract: An apparatus configured to model a three-dimensional modeled object, includes a carrier, an energy applying unit, and a flying unit. The carrier is configured to carry a modeling material. The energy applying unit is configured to apply energy to a surface of a modeled object. The flying unit is configured to fly the modeling material carried on the carrier toward the surface of the modeled object, the energy being applied to the surface.

Abstract: A three-dimensional modeling apparatus includes a carrier configured to carry a modeling material, a device configured to cause the modeling material carried by the carrier to fly to the surface of an object, and an external force applying member configured to apply a predetermined external force to the modeling material when the modeling material is flying.

Abstract: An apparatus configured to fly a light-absorbing material, includes a unit configured to irradiate a light-absorbing material absorbing light with a laser beam corresponding to a light absorption wavelength of the light-absorbing material to fly the light-absorbing material. When a preceding beam radiation region and a following beam radiation region overlap, the following beam radiation region is irradiated with the laser beam such that a beam centroid position is outside the preceding beam radiation region.

Abstract: (Object) To provide an information display device, with a simple configuration, that is capable of reducing stress in perceiving information. (Means of Achieving the Object) The disclosed information display device irradiates a transparent-reflective member with light for forming an image, in order to display a virtual image of the image on the transparent-reflective member. The information display device includes: a plurality of light sources having different peak emission wavelengths, respectively, which are provided for generating the light for forming the image; a vision-related information input unit configured to receive an input of information relating to vision of a viewer viewing the virtual image; and a luminance adjusting unit configured to adjust luminance of each of the plurality of light sources, independently, based on the information input into the vision-related information input unit.

Abstract: A fabricating apparatus includes a temperature measuring device, a heating device, and circuitry. The temperature measuring device is configured to measure a temperature of a fabrication material layer. The heating device is configured to heat the fabrication material layer. The circuitry is configured to control the heating device with a heating amount for heating the fabricating material layer to a temperature at which the fabricating material layer melts, based on the temperature measured by the temperature measuring device.

Abstract: An image display apparatus and a method of displaying an image. The image display apparatus includes an image-light projection device configured to display a display image, and a display controller configured to determine chromaticity coordinates of a display color of the display image based on data of a chromaticity coordinate area of background light such that the display color of the display image is set outside the chromaticity coordinate area of the background light. The method includes determining chromaticity coordinates of a display color of a display image based on data of a chromaticity coordinate area of background light such that the display color of the display image is set outside the chromaticity coordinate area of the background light.

Abstract: (Object) To provide an information display device, with a simple configuration, that is capable of reducing stress in perceiving information. (Means of Achieving the Object) The disclosed information display device irradiates a transparent-reflective member with light for forming an image, in order to display a virtual image of the image on the transparent-reflective member. The information display device includes: a plurality of light sources having different peak emission wavelengths, respectively, which are provided for generating the light for forming the image; a vision-related information input unit configured to receive an input of information relating to vision of a viewer viewing the virtual image; and a luminance adjusting unit configured to adjust luminance of each of the plurality of light sources, independently, based on the information input into the vision-related information input unit.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a fixing rotator rotatable in a predetermined direction of rotation and a nip formation pad disposed inside the fixing rotator. A pressure rotator presses against the nip formation pad via the fixing rotator to form a fixing nip between the fixing rotator and the pressure rotator. A heat generator is disposed inside the fixing rotator to heat the fixing rotator. A reflector is interposed between the heat generator and the nip formation pad. The reflector includes a reflection face to reflect radiant heat radiated from the heat generator. The reflection face includes a reflection portion disposed opposite the heat generator at various angles. A support is provided separately from the nip formation pad and supports the reflector.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a primary heater disposed opposite a fixing rotator to heat a circumferential span of the fixing rotator other than a fixing nip formed between the fixing rotator and a pressure rotator and a secondary heater disposed outboard from the primary heater in an axial direction of the fixing rotator to heat the fixing rotator at the fixing nip. The primary heater and the secondary heater heat a bi-heating span of the fixing rotator in the axial direction thereof. The secondary heater heats a mono-heating span of the fixing rotator in the axial direction thereof and generates a decreased amount of heat to be conducted to the bi-heating span of the fixing rotator. The decreased amount of heat is smaller than an increased amount of heat to be conducted to the mono-heating span of the fixing rotator that is heated by the secondary heater only.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a nip formation pad that presses against a pressure rotator via an endless belt to form a fixing nip between the belt and the pressure rotator, through which a recording medium bearing a toner image is conveyed. A fixing heater is disposed opposite at least a center span of a conveyance span of the belt in an axial direction thereof where the recording medium is conveyed to heat the belt. A first lateral end heater and a second lateral end heater are mounted on the nip formation pad and disposed opposite a first lateral end span and a second lateral end span of an inner circumferential surface of the belt in the axial direction thereof, respectively, to heat the belt. The second lateral end heater is electrically connected in series to the first lateral end heater.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a first heater and a second heater disposed inside a fixing rotator to heat the fixing rotator. The first heater generates an increased amount of heat and includes a first heat generator having a first heating span in a longitudinal direction of the first heater. The second heater generates a decreased amount of heat and includes a second heat generator having a second heating span in a longitudinal direction of the second heater. A partition is interposed between the first heater and the second heater to define a first compartment having an increased size and accommodating the first heater and a second compartment having a decreased size and accommodating the second heater.

Abstract: An image display apparatus and a method of displaying an image. The image display apparatus includes an image-light projection device configured to display a display image, and a display controller configured to determine chromaticity coordinates of a display color of the display image based on data of a chromaticity coordinate area of background light such that the display color of the display image is set outside the chromaticity coordinate area of the background light. The method includes determining chromaticity coordinates of a display color of a display image based on data of a chromaticity coordinate area of background light such that the display color of the display image is set outside the chromaticity coordinate area of the background light.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a primary heater, a secondary heater, and a tertiary heater to heat a primary heating span, a secondary heating span, and a tertiary heating span of a fixing rotator, respectively. A primary temperature detector and a secondary temperature detector detect a temperature of the fixing rotator. A tertiary temperature detector detects a temperature of a pressure rotator. A controller selectively performs a primary control mode to de-energize the tertiary heater and a secondary control mode to connect the secondary heater and the tertiary heater in series to energize the primary heater, the secondary heater, and the tertiary heater. The controller energizes the secondary heater and the tertiary heater in the secondary control mode based on the temperature of the fixing rotator and the pressure rotator detected by the secondary temperature detector and the tertiary temperature detector, respectively.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a fixing rotator and a heater disposed inside the fixing rotator to heat the fixing rotator with radiant heat. A pressure rotator presses against the fixing rotator to form a fixing nip between the fixing rotator and the pressure rotator. A reflector is disposed opposite the heater to reflect the radiant heat radiated from the heater to the fixing rotator. The reflector includes a first parallel plane, a second parallel plane, and a third tilt plane. The second parallel plane is parallel to the first parallel plane and stepped with respect to the first parallel plane. The second parallel plane is disposed closer to the fixing nip and the heater than the first parallel plane. The third tilt plane bridges the first parallel plane and the second parallel plane and is disposed opposite the heater.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a nip formation pad to press against a fixing rotator. A primary heater is disposed opposite the fixing rotator in a primary heating span spanning in an axial direction of the fixing rotator to heat the primary heating span of the fixing rotator from which heat is conducted to the nip formation pad with a primary conduction. A secondary heater is disposed opposite the fixing rotator in a secondary heating span that is outboard from the primary heating span in the axial direction of the fixing rotator. The secondary heater is interposed between a first nip formation portion and a second nip formation portion of the nip formation pad to heat the secondary heating span of the fixing rotator through the nip formation pad from which heat is conducted to the fixing rotator with a secondary conduction greater than the primary conduction.

Abstract: A nip formation assembly disposed opposite an opposed rotator via an endless belt includes a nip formation pad to press against the opposed rotator via the endless belt to form a fixing nip between the endless belt and the opposed rotator, through which a recording medium bearing a toner image is conveyed. A fixing heater is disposed opposite at least a center span of the endless belt in an axial direction thereof where the recording medium is conveyed. The fixing heater heats the endless belt. A lateral end heater is mounted on the nip formation pad and disposed opposite a lateral end span of an inner circumferential surface of the endless belt in the axial direction thereof. The lateral end heater heats the endless belt.