Abstract: A spectrum analysis method is provided in which a composition distribution of a sample in the depth direction is analyzed based on an energy spectrum of scattered particles scattered at the sample by irradiation with ion beams, the sample being composed of a single layer or multiple layers. In the spectrum analysis, the thickness of an object layer of the sample is obtained by the steps of measuring an energy spectrum of scattered particles scattered in a scattering angle (specific scattering angle) direction at which an energy spectrum corresponding to the object layer independently appears, extracting an independent energy spectrum of the object layer which independently appears in the measured energy spectrum, and calculating the thickness of the object layer based on a spectrum area surrounded by the waveform of the independent energy spectrum thus extracted.

Abstract: A spectrum analysis method is provided in which a composition distribution of a sample in the depth direction is analyzed based on an energy spectrum of scattered particles scattered at the sample by irradiation with ion beams, the sample being composed of a single layer or multiple layers. In the spectrum analysis, the thickness of an object layer of the sample is obtained by the steps of measuring an energy spectrum of scattered particles scattered in a scattering angle (specific scattering angle) direction at which an energy spectrum corresponding to the object layer independently appears, extracting an independent energy spectrum of the object layer which independently appears in the measured energy spectrum, and calculating the thickness of the object layer based on a spectrum area surrounded by the waveform of the independent energy spectrum thus extracted.

Abstract: A waterborne paint is provided by dissolving or dispersing a polyester resin and a crosslinker in an aqueous medium containing a base. The polyester resin contains a hydroxy-terminated polyalkadienediol having an average degree of polymerization from 5 to 50, a hydrogenated product thereof or a mixture thereof in a proportion from 1 to 30% by weight of the entire polyester-forming reactants, and has an acid number from 5 to 150, a hydroxyl number from 30 to 250. The paint is useful for forming a multilayer coating film on automobile bodies by applying the paint between an electrodeposition coating layer and a top coating layer.