Abstract: A molten metal component estimation device including: an input device configured to receive measurement information about a refining facility including measurement results regarding an optical characteristic; a model database that stores model expressions and model parameters, regarding a blowing process reaction, including a model expression and model parameters representing a relation between the oxygen efficiency in decarburization and a carbon concentration in a molten metal in the refining facility; and a processor configured to: estimate component concentrations of the molten metal including the carbon concentration in the molten metal by using the measurement information, the model expressions and the model parameters; estimate the carbon concentration in the molten metal based on the measurement results; and determine the model expression and the model parameters to be used when estimating the component concentrations of the molten metal, based on the estimation result of the carbon concentration in t

Abstract: In a method for oxygen-blowing refining of molten iron, an oxygen-containing gas as a main supply gas is supplied from an inlet side of a blowing nozzle for the oxygen-containing gas passing through an outer shell of the top-blowing lance and blown from the blowing nozzle while a control gas is jetted toward inside of the blowing nozzle for at least part of a period of the oxygen-blowing refining from a spout arranged in a side face of the nozzle at a site where the cross-sectional area of the nozzle minimum takes the minimum in the axial direction of the nozzle or a neighborhood thereof so that at least part of the spout exists in each space formed by dividing into two portions by an arbitrary plane passing through a central axis of the nozzle.

Abstract: A toner has a toner particle including a binder resin, a colorant, and a wax, in which in a cross section of the toner particle observed under a scanning transmission electron microscope, a proportion of the number of toner particles having a void with a long diameter of 0.50 ?m or less is 60 number % or more, and a proportion of the number of toner particles having a void in a region from an outline of the cross section of the toner particle inward to 1.00 ?m in a total number of the toner particles having a void is 30 number % or less.

Abstract: A toner comprising: a toner particle that includes a binder resin, and an external additive, wherein the toner particle includes a polyester resin on the surface; the toner particle includes a polyvalent metal element; where an electrical resistivity of the polyvalent metal element at 20° C. is denoted by A ?·m, and an amount of the polyvalent metal element in the toner particle is denoted by B ?mol/g, a following relationship is satisfied: 0.025×108?(1/A)×B?4.500×108; the external additive includes silica particles; and the silica particles includes spherical silica particles having a number average particle diameter of from 20 nm to 40 nm.

Abstract: A toner comprising: a toner particle; and an external additive, wherein the external additive includes spherical silica particles and hydrotalcite particles, a number average particle diameter Da of the spherical silica particles is from 10 nm to 40 nm, a circularity of the spherical silica particles is at least 0.80, and the toner satisfies formula (1) below: {Ga×(1?Ka/100)}/{Gb×(1?Kb/100)}?0.050??(1) wherein Ga: a content of the spherical silica particles with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner particle; Gb: a content of the hydrotalcite particles with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner particle; Ka: a fixing ratio (%) of the spherical silica particles on a surface of the toner particle; and Kb: a fixing ratio (%) of the hydrotalcite particles on the surface of the toner particle.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle having a binder resin and a colorant, and metal titanate fine particles, wherein the toner particle includes a polyvalent metal element having an electric resistivity of from 2.5×10?8 ?·m to 10.0×10?8 ?·m; the amount of the polyvalent metal element in the toner particle is from 0.080 ?mol/g to 20.000 ?mol/g; the metal titanate fine particles have a perovskite crystal structure; and the number average particle diameter of primary particles of the metal titanate fine particles is from 10 nm to 80 nm.

Abstract: When the decarburization refining of molten iron is performed by top-blowing oxygen gas from the top blowing lance, the oscillation of molten iron, a bubble burst, and spitting due to the bubble burst are suppressed. A refining method for a converter includes decarburizing molten iron in the converter with a top blowing lance having Laval nozzles disposed at the lower end thereof by blowing oxygen gas on the surface of the molten iron in the converter through the Laval nozzles, in which one or both of an oxygen feeding rate from the top blowing lance and lance height LH are adjusted in such a manner that an oxygen accumulation index S(F) is 40 or less.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle having a binder resin and a colorant, and metal titanate fine particles, wherein the toner particle includes a polyvalent metal element having an electric resistivity of from 2.5×10?8 ?·m to 10.0×10?8 ?·m; the amount of the polyvalent metal element in the toner particle is from 0.080 ?mol/g to 20.000 ?mol/g; the metal titanate fine particles have a perovskite crystal structure; and the number average particle diameter of primary particles of the metal titanate fine particles is from 10 nm to 80 nm.

Abstract: A toner has a toner particle including a binder resin, a colorant, and a wax, in which in a cross section of the toner particle observed under a scanning transmission electron microscope, a proportion of the number of toner particles having a void with a long diameter of 0.50 ?m or less is 60 number % or more, and a proportion of the number of toner particles having a void in a region from an outline of the cross section of the toner particle inward to 1.00 ?m in a total number of the toner particles having a void is 30 number % or less.