Abstract: A pollution monitoring system and a method is disclosed. The pollution monitoring system comprises an on-board sensor unit having a plurality of sensors, configured for monitoring air quality by measuring pollution data in the air and a power control unit connected with the on-board sensor unit for controlling the operation of the on-board sensor unit. The pollution monitoring system further comprises microcontroller configured for generating control signals to be transmitted to the power control unit for controlling operation of on-board sensor unit. The microcontroller is configured for receiving information from a base station regarding operation of the on-board sensor unit. Further, the pollution monitoring system comprises an air purification unit configured for receiving the pollution data from the microcontroller and enabling activation or deactivation of the air purification unit based on comparison of the pollution data with predefined threshold values.

Abstract: Systems and methods for frequency reference generation are described. In an embodiment, a frequency reference circuit, includes: a bandgap proportional to temperature (PTAT) generator circuit that generates a bandgap PTAT current; a resistor complementary to temperature (CTAT) generator circuit that generates a resistor CTAT current; an adder that adds the PTAT current and the CTAT current to generate a constant current Icons; a switched-resistor (switched-R) circuit that receives the constant current Icons and a previously generated output clock and generates an output; a bandgap voltage reference generator circuit that generates a bandgap voltage VBG; an integrator circuit that receives the output of the switched-R circuit and the bandgap voltage VBG and generates an output; and a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) circuit that receives the output of the integrator circuit and generates a frequency reference.

Abstract: Circuits that operate with power supplies of less than 1 Volt are presented. More particularly, circuits that operate with supply voltages near or lower than the threshold voltage of the transistors in those circuits are presented. Various circuits and embodiments such as operational transconductance amplifiers, biasing circuits, integrators, continuous-time sigma delta modulators, track-and-bold circuits, and others are presented. The techniques and circuits can be used in a wide range of applications and various transistors from metal-oxide-semiconductor to bipolar junction transistors may implement the techniques presented herein.

Abstract: Circuits that operate with power supplies of less than 1 Volt are presented. More particularly, circuits that operate with supply voltages near or lower than the threshold voltage of the transistors in those circuits are presented. Various circuits and embodiments such as operational transconductance amplifiers, biasing circuits, integrators, continuous-time sigma delta modulators, track-and-hold circuits, and others are presented. The techniques and circuits can be used in a wide range of applications and various transistors from metal-oxide-semiconductor to bipolar junction transistors may implement the techniques presented herein.

Abstract: Circuits that operate with power supplies of less than 1 Volt are presented. More particularly, circuits that operate with supply voltages near or lower than the threshold voltage of the transistors in those circuits are presented. Various circuits embodiments such as operational transconductance amplifiers (1101, 1102, 1103), biasing circuits, integrators (1113, 1123, 1133), continuous-time sigma delta modulators, track-and-hold circuits, and others are presented. The techniques and circuits can be used in a wide range of applications and various transistors from metal-oxide-semiconductor to bipolar junction transistors may implement the techniques presented herein.

Abstract: Circuits (FIG. 1) that operate with power supplies (VDD) of less than 1 Volt are present. More particularly, circuits (FIG. 1) that operate with supply voltages (VDD) near or lower than the threshold voltage of the transistors (M1A, M1B) in those circuits are presented. Various circuits and embodiments such as operational transconductance amplifiers, biasing circuits, integrators, continuous-time sigma delta modulators, track-and-hold circuits, and others are presented. The techniques and circuits can be used in a wide range of applications and various transistors from metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) to bipolar junction transistors may implement the techniques presented herein.

Abstract: Circuits that operate with power supplies of less than 1 Volt are presented. More particularly, circuits that operate with supply voltages near or lower than the threshold voltage of the transistors in those circuits are presented. Various circuits embodiments such as operational transconductance amplifiers (1101, 1102, 1103), biasing circuits, integrators (1113, 1123, 1133), continuous-time sigma delta modulators, track-and-hold circuits, and others are presented. The techniques and circuits can be used in a wide range of applications and various transistors from metal-oxide-semiconductor to bipolar junction transistors may implement the techniques presented herein.

Abstract: Circuits that operate with power supplies of less than 1 Volt are presented. More particularly, circuits that operate with supply voltages near or lower than the threshold voltage of the transistors in those circuits are presented. Various circuits and embodiments such as operational transconductance amplifiers, biasing circuits, integrators, continuous-time sigma delta modulators, track-and-hold circuits, and others are presented. The techniques and circuits can be used in a wide range of applications and various transistors from metal-oxide-semiconductor to bipolar junction transistors may implement the techniques presented herein.

Abstract: Circuits (FIG. 1) that operate with power supplies (VDD) of less than 1 Volt are present. More particularly, circuits (FIG. 1) that operate with supply voltages (VDD) near or lower than the threshold voltage of the transistors (M1A, M1B) in those circuits are presented. Various circuits and embodiments such as operational transconductance amplifiers, biasing circuits, integrators, continuous-time sigma delta modulators, track-and-hold circuits, and others are presented. The techniques and circuits can be used in a wide range of applications and various transistors from metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) to bipolar junction transistors may implement the techniques presented herein.

Abstract: Embodiments may be used to control a controllable element that has a nonlinear but monotonic relationship with a control value. In such embodiments, a system may perform control by receiving an error value corresponding to an error of an output signal from the controllable element, and determining the control value within two iterations of a Newton (Secant) algorithm, where the control value enables generation of the output signal within a predetermined tolerance to a nominal value for the control signal.

Abstract: A method of encoding a first stream of digital signal data words is provided. A most recent value of the first stream of digital signal data words is received and memorized. A previous value of the first stream of digital data words is received and memorized. The most recent and the previous values of the stream of digital data words are combined to create a second data stream. The words are converted in the second data stream into a serial representation. The serial representation is transmitted on a single wire interface.

Abstract: A method of encoding a first stream of digital signal data words is provided. A most recent value of the first stream of digital signal data words is received and memorized. A previous value of the first stream of digital data words is received and memorized. The most recent and the previous values of the stream of digital data words are combined to create a second data stream. The words are converted in the second data stream into a serial representation. The serial representation is transmitted on a single wire interface.