Abstract: A data transmission method implemented by a network device, where the data transmission method includes receiving a first data packet sent by a transmit end, buffering the first data packet to a low-priority queue when the first data packet is sent by the transmit end during a first round-trip time (RTT) of a data transmission phase between the transmit end and a receive end, receiving a second data packet from the transmit end, buffering the second data packet to a high-priority queue when the second data packet is not sent by the transmit end during the first RTT, and forwarding the second data packet in the high-priority queue before the first data packet in the low-priority queue.

Abstract: A processing device for federated learning, including: a modular exponentiation module including at least one modular exponentiation engine; a pre-processing module for providing operations corresponding to a plurality of operator modes; a montgomerization module for providing montgomerization operations; a confusion calculation module for providing modular multiplication operations in montgomery space; a montgomery reduction module for providing montgomery reduction operations; and a controller for determining, according to an input operator mode, whether to enable at least two modules out of the pre-processing module, the montgomerization module, the confusion calculation module, and the montgomery reduction module, so as for cooperatively performing the input operator mode together with the modular exponentiation module.

Abstract: A data transmission method implemented by a network device, where the data transmission method includes receiving a first data packet sent by a transmit end, buffering the first data packet to a low-priority queue when the first data packet is sent by the transmit end during a first round-trip time (RTT) of a data transmission phase between the transmit end and a receive end, receiving a second data packet from the transmit end, buffering the second data packet to a high-priority queue when the second data packet is not sent by the transmit end during the first RTT, and forwarding the second data packet in the high-priority queue before the first data packet in the low-priority queue.

Abstract: A data transmission method implemented by a network device, where the data transmission method includes receiving a first data packet sent by a transmit end, buffering the first data packet to a low-priority queue when the first data packet is sent by the transmit end during a first round-trip time (RTT) of a data transmission phase between the transmit end and a receive end, receiving a second data packet from the transmit end, buffering the second data packet to a high-priority queue when the second data packet is not sent by the transmit end during the first RTT, and forwarding the second data packet in the high-priority queue before the first data packet in the low-priority queue.

Abstract: A data transmission method implemented by a network device, where the data transmission method includes receiving a first data packet sent by a transmit end, buffering the first data packet to a low-priority queue when the first data packet is sent by the transmit end during a first round-trip time (RTT) of a data transmission phase between the transmit end and a receive end, receiving a second data packet from the transmit end, buffering the second data packet to a high-priority queue when the second data packet is not sent by the transmit end during the first RTT, and forwarding the second data packet in the high-priority queue before the first data packet in the low-priority queue.

Abstract: A processing device for federated learning, including: a modular exponentiation module including at least one modular exponentiation engine; a pre-processing module for providing operations corresponding to a plurality of operator modes; a montgomerization module for providing montgomerization operations; a confusion calculation module for providing modular multiplication operations in montgomery space; a montgomery reduction module for providing montgomery reduction operations; and a controller for determining, according to an input operator mode, whether to enable at least two modules out of the pre-processing module, the montgomerization module, the confusion calculation module, and the montgomery reduction module, so as for cooperatively performing the input operator mode together with the modular exponentiation module.

Abstract: A Paillier decryption system, IC, and method. The IC includes: a modular exponentiation module, for performing modular exponentiation operations related to a first subitem and a second subitem, where a Paillier decryption process of encrypted data is divided into a first subitem and a second subitem according to the Chinese remainder theorem, the first subitem corresponding to a first prime, the second subitem corresponding to a second prime, a public key of the encrypted data being a product of the first prime and the second prime, a bit width of the first prime being the same as a bit width of the second prime; a first module combination corresponding to the first subitem, for determining a computation result of the first subitem; and a second module combination corresponding to the second subitem, for determining a computation result of the second subitem.

Abstract: A data transmission method implemented by a network device, where the data transmission method includes receiving a first data packet sent by a transmit end, buffering the first data packet to a low-priority queue when the first data packet is sent by the transmit end during a first round-trip time (RTT) of a data transmission phase between the transmit end and a receive end, receiving a second data packet from the transmit end, buffering the second data packet to a high-priority queue when the second data packet is not sent by the transmit end during the first RTT, and forwarding the second data packet in the high-priority queue before the first data packet in the low-priority queue.