Abstract: An isolated influenza B virus which has reduced sensitivity to one or more neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, wherein the reduced sensitivity to one or more NA inhibitors is associated with a residue in NA other than Ile at position 222, a residue in NA other than Ser at a position 250, or a residue in NA other than Gly at position 402, as well as methods to detect such a virus or determine agents that inhibit the infection or replication of such as virus, are provided.

Abstract: An isolated influenza B virus which has reduced sensitivity to one or more neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, wherein the reduced sensitivity to one or more NA inhibitors is associated with a residue in NA other than Ile at position 222, a residue in NA other than Ser at a position 250, or a residue in NA other than Gly at position 402, as well as methods to detect such a virus or determine agents that inhibit the infection or replication of such as virus, are provided.

Abstract: A method of cleaning an aluminum drum substrate that removes cutting chips, and degreases to remove high viscosity drawing oil used in a cold drawing process, without using a chlorine-containing organic solvent. A plurality of aluminum drum substrates are arranged in rows, with an axis of each drum substrate being vertical and parallel with the axis of the other drum substrates. A cleaning liquid is ejected at a predetermined ejection pressure from a high-pressure cleaning nozzle. The cleaning liquid is ejected in a fan shape having a predetermined spread angle and from above a top opening of one of the drum substrates towards the drum substrate. While ejecting the cleaning liquid, the nozzle is horizontally and sequentially traversed above openings of the other drum substrates in a direction of the row, while swinging the nozzle in the direction of the row.

Abstract: A method of cleaning an aluminum drum substrate that removes cutting chips, and degreases to remove high viscosity drawing oil used in a cold drawing process, without using a chlorine-containing organic solvent. A plurality of aluminum drum substrates are arranged in rows, with an axis of each drum substrate being vertical and parallel with the axis of the other drum substrates. A cleaning liquid is ejected at a predetermined ejection pressure from a high-pressure cleaning nozzle. The cleaning liquid is ejected in a fan shape having a predetermined spread angle and from above a top opening of one of the drum substrates towards the drum substrate. While ejecting the cleaning liquid, the nozzle is horizontally and sequentially traversed above openings of the other drum substrates in a direction of the row, while swinging the nozzle in the direction of the row.