Abstract: A tandem image forming unit is provided with an adhering substance removal mode for performing a cleaning operation of a photoreceptor and an intermediate transfer body at the time other than the time of image formation. In the adhering substance removal mode, a photoreceptor cleaning unit removes excess toner from the photoreceptor. An intermediate transfer body cleaning unit removes excess toner from the intermediate transfer body. Therefore, the adhering substance removal mode can be performed simultaneously with respect to the photoreceptor and the intermediate transfer body.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of improving the response times and bulk on-state alignments of negative-type liquid crystals by providing a liquid crystal material that comprises at least one negative-type mesogen comprising at least one soluble, dipolar dopant.

Abstract: A joined part of an aluminum-coated steel sheet and an aluminum sheet is composed of an intermetallic compound layer which exists in a region in which a part of a coated layer exists before the joining and an aluminum melted and solidified part which also exists on the side of the aluminum sheet to enclose the intermetallic compound layer. The atoms existing on the surface of the aluminum melted and solidified part are intermetallic-bonded with atoms which exist on the surface of the steel sheet except in the region in which the intermetallic compound layer exists seen in the plan view. Further, the area of the intermetallic compound layer is limited to 60% or less of the total area of the joined part at the interface between the aluminum-coated steel sheet and the aluminum sheet. Thus, the area of the aluminum melted and solidified part exceeds 40% of the total area of the joined part. The strong joining having a high fracture energy can be provided at a high efficiency.

Abstract: Provided are a manufacturing method which can efficiently manufacture a display device with higher image quality, and a manufacturing apparatus which can be applied to the manufacturing method. Position adjustment is carried out so that a seal pattern (4) formed on at least one of a bottom substrate (2) and a top substrate (7) and having a shape along an outer edge of each of a plurality of display panels (1) coincides with a projected portion pattern (27) (29) formed on at least one of a pair of parallel surfaces (19S) (20S) in a bottom surface plate (19) and a top surface plate (20) and having a planar shape corresponding to the seal pattern (4), and pressure is applied to the bottom substrate (2) and the top substrate (7) in a Z direction by the bottom surface plate (19) and the top surface plate (20).

Abstract: A display device having extremely short writing time to a pixel such as the liquid crystal display device of a dot sequential drive method using a single-crystal silicon transistor as a switching element is provided in which in the case where a display area is divided into two or more areas, the degradation of picture quality is prevented to perform a high definition display.

Abstract: To provide a high-strength cold rolled steel sheet that has well-balanced tensile strength and elongation as well as well-balanced tensile strength and stretch-flangeability, and a plated steel sheet manufactured by plating the steel sheet. The high-strength cold rolled steel sheet contains: 0.10 to 0.28% of C, 1.0 to 2.0% of Si, 1.0 to 3.0% of Mn, and 0.03 to 0.10% of Nb in terms of % by mass, wherein the content of Al is controlled to 0.5 or less, the content of P is controlled to 0.15% or less, and the content of S is controlled to 0.02% or less, and wherein residual austenite accounts for 5 to 20%, bainitic ferrite accounts for 50% or more, and polygonal ferrite accounts for 30% or less (containing 0%), of the entire structure, and wherein a mean number of residual austenite blocks is 20 or more as determined when the random area (15 ?m×15 ??m) is observed by EBSP (electron back scatter diffraction pattern).

Abstract: A reflection type liquid crystal display device comprises a glass substrate provided with a transparent electrode, and an Si driving circuit substrate provided with a light reflecting electrode, the glass substrate and the Si driving circuit substrate being disposed opposite to each other so that the transparent electrode and the light reflecting electrode are opposed to each other, with a liquid crystal layer composed of vertically aligned liquid crystals being interposed therebetween, wherein at least the condition of d•?n•|??|2?5 is satisfied, where d (?m) is the thickness of the liquid crystal layer, ?n is the refractive index anisotropy of the vertically aligned liquid crystals, and |??| is the magnitude of the dielectric constant anisotropy of the vertically aligned liquid crystals.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid crystal display element (1) including a transparent substrate (2) having formed on a surface of a glass substrate (2a) thereof a transparent electrode (6) and an alignment layer (18) covering the transparent electrode (6), a drive circuit board (3) disposed opposite to the transparent substrate (2) and having formed on a surface of a silicon substrate (3a) thereon opposite to the transparent electrode (6) a plurality of switching drive circuits (9) and a plurality of reflection pixel electrodes (15), corresponding to pixels (12a), respectively, a protective layer (16) covering the plurality of reflection pixel electrodes (15) and an alignment layer (19) covering the protective layer (16) and a liquid crystal layer (4) interposed between the alignment layer (18) on the transparent substrate (2) and the alignment layer (19) on the drive circuit board (3), the protective layer (16) being a stack of at least two dielectric layers (16a, 16b) different in refractive index from each oth

Abstract: Provided are a reflective liquid crystal display device and a liquid crystal display unit capable of eliminating or minimizing the occurrence of misalignment specific to a vertically aligned liquid crystal due to the structure of a pixel groove and achieving higher contrast and superior image quality. In a reflective pixel electrode (42), a peripheral portion is inclined, and the reflective pixel electrode has a trapezoidal shape so that the width of the reflective pixel electrode (42) increases from the top side to the bottom side. When a side surface of the reflective pixel electrode (42) is inclined so as to eliminate verticality in a cross section of the reflective pixel electrode (42), liquid crystal molecules aligned in a horizontal direction to an extreme in a pixel groove portion can be eliminated.

Abstract: A reflective liquid crystal display device that can prevent a battery effect causing asymmetry in a liquid crystal, display can reduce an offset voltage applied to a driving voltage, and can secure high reliability even during long term driving. A pixel electrode is covered with a metal film, which has a standard electrode potential, with a sign opposite to that of a metallic material constituting the pixel electrode. The metal film prevents a battery effect between the opposing electrodes, unlike conventional devices which do not have the metal film. Thereby, the asymmetry in the liquid crystal display responses can be prevented and the reduction of the offset voltage, which is required for the driving voltage, can be accomplished unlike the conventional ones. A circuit for applying the offset voltage is simplified or unnecessary, and improvement of long term reliability during the driving can be accomplished.

Abstract: A reflection type liquid crystal projector is provided which includes liquid crystal display panels (5R, 5G and 5B) to modulate color rays of light (R, G and B) corresponding to three primary colors (red, green and blue), respectively, on the basis of video data and a synthesizing prism (6) to synthesize the color rays of light (R, G and B) modulated by the liquid crystal display panels (5R, 5G and 5B) into one image. The liquid crystal display panel (5G) which provides an image inverted in relation to those provided by the liquid crystal display panels (5R and 5B) is aligned in a direction (X2) different from those (X1) in which the liquid crystal display panels (5R and 5B) are aligned, so that the alignment directions (X1 and X2) of the liquid crystal display panels (5R, 5G and 5B) will be coincident with each other in an image displayed on a screen (S).

Abstract: In a reflective liquid crystal display device according to the invention, burn-in in a long-term drive which occurs due to asymmetric structures of side surfaces of an inter-pixel groove can be prevented, and long-term drive reliability can be achieved. A first obliquely evaporated alignment film is formed on a first side surface of the inter-pixel groove in a sectional surface of a pixel electrode substrate in a thickness direction through evaporation, and a second obliquely evaporated alignment film is formed on a second side surface facing the first side surface through evaporation. Thereby, the film structures of both side surfaces of the inter-pixel groove in the sectional surface become symmetric, so burn-in in a long-term drive which occurs due to the asymmetric structures of the side surfaces of the inter-pixel groove can be prevented.

Abstract: In a reflective liquid crystal display device according to the invention, while maintaining alignment characteristics by an obliquely evaporated alignment film, an electrical problem due to the film structure can be solved, and ions or the like can be prevented from passing through an alignment film, thereby long-term drive reliability can be achieved. Further, misalignment and nonuniform alignment due to the structure of an inter-pixel groove can be prevented so as to achieve superior image quality. In a side of each of a pixel electrode substrate and a transparent electrode substrate closer to a vertically aligned liquid crystal, an obliquely evaporated alignment film is formed on a vertically evaporated film.

Abstract: A projection type display apparatus that projects video onto a screen includes a liquid crystal panel using polymer-dispersed liquid crystal that disperses light when a voltage is applied and that transmits light when a voltage is not applied, being attached to an apparatus body 2 as a screen 1; and the video output from the apparatus body 2 is projected onto the screen 1 from the front side. Accordingly, there is provided the projection type display apparatus suitable for use in small space such as at home, in which a place for setting the apparatus is flexibly selected and the feeling of oppression is mitigated when the apparatus is not used.

Abstract: A superior reflex type vertically-aligned liquid crystal display device wherein the refractive index anisotropy &Dgr;n of its liquid crystal material is controlled to be more than 0.1, and the transmissivity of the liquid crystal is saturated with facility at a low voltage below 5 to 6V despite a reduction of the thickness of the vertically-aligned liquid crystal layer to 2.5 &mgr;m or less, hence achieving satisfactory driving at a practically low voltage while attaining another advantage of remarkable improvement in the transmissivity itself. Therefore, the display device indicates a sufficient transmissivity, an excellent low-voltage driving characteristic and a fast response. Further improvements are realizable in a display apparatus, a projection optical system and a projection display system by the use of such display device.

Abstract: A galvannealed steel sheet superior in workability wherein the steel sheet is characterized by containing silicon in an amount no less than 0.8 mass % and retained austenite in an amount no less than 3% (in terms of packing factor) and the alloy zinc plating is characterized by containing Zn—Fe alloy crystal grains which exist in its surface layer and have a specific crystal grain size such that the longer side of a crystal grain is no larger than twice the shorter side of a crystal grain and the number of crystal grains with an average particle size no smaller than 4 &mgr;m is no more than 5 per 70×50 &mgr;m. The steel sheet with alloy zinc coating has good mechanical properties (such as total elongation) and good plating surface slidability.

Abstract: A superior reflex type vertically-aligned liquid crystal display device wherein the refractive index anisotropy &Dgr;n of its liquid crystal material is controlled to be more than 0.1, and the transmissivity of the liquid crystal is saturated with facility at a low voltage below 5 to 6V despite a reduction of the thickness of the vertically-aligned liquid crystal layer to less than 2 &mgr;m, hence achieving satisfactory driving at a practically low voltage while attaining another advantage of remarkable improvement in the transmissivity itself. Therefore, the display device indicates a sufficient transmissivity, an excellent low-voltage driving characteristic and a fast response. Further improvements are realizable in a display apparatus, a projection optical system and a projection display system by the use of such display device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of improving the response times and bulk on-state alignments of negative-type liquid crystals by providing a liquid crystal material that comprises at least one negative-type mesogen comprising at least one soluble, dipolar dopant.

Abstract: A high strength steel sheet having (2-1) a base phase structure, the base phase structure being tempered martensite or tempered bainite and accounting for 50% or more in terms of a space factor relative to the whole structure, or the base phase structure comprising tempered martensite or tempered bainite which accounts for 15% or more in terms of a space factor relative to the whole structure and further comprising ferrite, the tempered martensite or the tempered bainite having a hardness which satisfies the relation of Vickers hardness (Hv)≧500[C]+30[Si]+3[Mn]+50 where [ ] represents the content (mass %) of each element, and (2-2) a second phase structure comprising retained austenite which accounts for 3 to 30% in terms of a space factor relative to the whole structure and optionally further comprising bainite and/or martensite, the retained austenite having a C concentration (C&ggr;R) of 0.8% or more.

Abstract: A battery effect causing asymmetry in liquid crystal responses can be prevented, an offset voltage applied to a driving voltage can be reduced, and high reliability is secured even during long term driving. A pixel electrode is covered with a metal film (43) which has a standard electrode potential with a sign opposite to that of a metallic material constituting the pixel electrode. This prevents the battery effect between the opposing electrodes, unlike conventional devices which do not have the metal film (43). Thereby, the asymmetry in the liquid crystal responses can be prevented and reducing the offset voltage which is required for the driving voltage can be accomplished unlike the conventional ones. Moreover, a circuit for applying the offset voltage is simplified or unnecessary, and improvement of long term reliability during the driving can be accomplished.