Abstract: A method for producing an amide includes: reacting arginines, arginine derivatives or arginine analogs in which two amino groups or imino groups in the side chain are protected by protecting groups with a halogenated formate ester and then reacting with an amine.

Abstract: A method for producing an amide includes: dehydrating and condensing carboxylic acids and then reacting them with a base, and reacting them with an amine.

Abstract: When a voltage is applied to plural spot electrodes selected from the spot electrodes arranged in the matrix form and the light incident on the two-dimensional plane waveguide is reflected by at least two parallel lines, the refractive index of the optical waveguide is partly changed so that the wavelength of the light, the angle of the two lines to the incident light and the distance between the lines satisfy the Bragg reflection condition.

Abstract: An optical path control device includes a hole formed perpendicularly to the plane of a substrate, an optical waveguide formed on the substrate to cover the hole, an upper electrode formed on the optical waveguide above the hole, a lower electrode formed on a bottom part of the hole, and a voltage application unit for applying a voltage between the upper and lower electrodes. As the applied voltage is controlled to change an electrostatic attraction force between the upper and lower electrodes and the magnitude of flexure of the waveguide is thus changed, the traveling direction of light can be changed into an arbitrary direction.

Abstract: An active diffraction grating that has a high degree of freedom in control, small size and high reliability is realized.

Abstract: An optical signal processing apparatus capable of performing high-speed operation is to be realized. According to this invention, at least one photodiode for converting an optical signal to an electrical signal, and a resonant tunneling diode for having the electrical signal of this photodiode inputted thereto and performing switch operation are provided to acquire a digital signal.

Abstract: According to this invention, electrodes are formed on both sides of a part of an optical waveguide formed on a substrate and a voltage is applied between the electrodes to change the refractive index at the part of the optical waveguide where the electrode is formed. Therefore, the traveling direction of light can be changed. Moreover, an optical waveguide formed on a substrate, plural electrodes formed on both sides of the optical waveguide, plural incidence units formed at one end of the substrate, and plural emission units formed at the other end are provided. A voltage applied to an arbitrary electrode of the plural electrodes is controlled to change the refractive index at the part of the optical waveguide where the voltage is applied. Light emitted from an arbitrary incidence unit and incident on a core of the substrate thus becomes incident on an arbitrary emission unit.