Abstract: An optical encoder includes an emitter, a first lens, a detector, a second lens, and a protrusion. The emitter emits light which is directed by the first lens to a code scale for reflection. The reflected light is directed by the second lens to the detector. The detector detects the reflected light from the code scale. The protrusion is between the first lens and the second lens. The protrusion defines at least one surface that refracts stray light from the emitter away from the detector. Accordingly, the stray light does not reach the detector; thus the detector can operate more effectively.

Abstract: An encoder having a detector and an optical system that generates an image of a code strip on the detector is disclosed. The image includes a plurality of light and dark stripes, the detector generating a plurality of sinusoidal signals differing in phase from one another as the code strip moves relative to the detector. Each sinusoidal signal cycles through one period when the code strip moves a distance equal to one light stripe and one dark stripe with respect to the detector. A frequency multiplier generates a plurality of frequency multiplied signals. The encoder utilizes a signal interpolator that defines a plurality of position locations utilizing the frequency multiplied signals, there being at least 5 such points corresponding to the code strip moving a distance equal to one light stripe and one dark stripe with respect to the detector.

Abstract: An encoder having a carrier that passes through an opening in a mounting body is disclosed. The carrier includes an encoding region having a plurality of clear and opaque regions, the carrier having first and second surfaces. The clear and opaque regions of the carrier pass through the opening in the mounting body when the carrier moves relative to the mounting body. A light emitter generates a light signal that passes through the carrier, the light emitter being located adjacent to the first side of the carrier and separated therefrom. A light reflector is attached to the mounting body at a position such that the light reflector directs the light signal through the second surface of the carrier where a photodetector measures light leaving the first surface of the carrier when one of the clear regions passes through the light signal.

Abstract: An optical encoder includes an optical encoder pattern of alternating light elements and dark elements, and an optical unit, including an optical emitter providing light to the encoder pattern, and an optical sensor including a photo-detector receiving the light from the optical encoder pattern and in response thereto outputting a sinusoidal signal indicating relative movement between the optical sensor and the encoder pattern. In one embodiment, the photo-detector has a diamond shape, a modified-diamond shape, or an hourglass shape. In another embodiment, at least one of the light elements and the dark elements of the optical encoder pattern has a diamond shape, a modified-diamond shape, or an hourglass shape.

Abstract: An aspect of the present invention comprises a method of producing a circuit substrate comprising providing a substrate, coating the substrate with a conductive layer, patterning the conductive layer to form at least two circuits joined by a buss-line and forming a slot in the substrate beneath the buss-line. Another aspect of the present invention comprises a circuit substrate with at least two circuits joined by a buss-line and a slot in the substrate beneath the buss-line. Another aspect of the present invention comprises an integrated circuit package with the described circuit substrate.

Abstract: An encoder that includes a code strip and an emitter-detector module is disclosed. The code strip has alternating reflective and opaque stripes and an imaging element in contact with a surface of the code strip. The optical element directs light incident thereon to the code strip. The emitter-detector module includes a light source that generates light and directs a portion of the generated light to the imaging element. The emitter-detector module also includes a photodetector that generates a signal representing an intensity of light received by the photodetector. The imaging element images light reflected from the code strip onto the photodetector. The imaging element can include a lens having a planar surface in contact with the surface of the code strip. The imaging element can be structured such that the imaging element collimates light from the light source such that collimated light is incident on one of the reflective stripes.

Abstract: Optical encoders having one or more of a number of disclosed features are disclosed. The features of the optical encoder in accordance with the present invention include a symmetrical (for example, circular) emitter; baffle between the emitter and a detector; double-dome or single-dome encapsulant; multiple detector; and multiple (at least three) data channels.

Abstract: An Enhanced Reflective Optical Encoder (“EROE”) having an emitter module for transmitting emitted optical radiation to an encoded media and a detector module for receiving reflected optical radiation from the encoded media. The EROE may include a transmissive layer covering both the emitter module and the detector module, and an optical isolation element located within the transmissive layer and located between the emitter module and the detector module. The optical isolation element reduces undesired optical radiation transmitted from the emitter module to the detector module, where the undesired optical radiation is a portion of the emitted optical radiation.

Abstract: A coding element such as a codewheel includes first and second surfaces that are configured with respect to each other and with respect to a light beam such that the light beam is reflected at the two surfaces using the optical phenomenon of total internal reflection. The coding element also includes a coding pattern that is aligned in an optical path of the light beam after the light beam has reflected off of both of the surfaces. A coding element with surfaces that reflect a light beam as a result of total internal reflection can be utilized in an encoding system that operates in transmission while the light source and the photodetector array are located on the same side of the coding element.

Abstract: A process is provided for the semi-synthesis of taxane intermediates useful in the preparation of paclitaxel and docetaxel, in particular, the semi-synthesis of 10-deacetylbaccatin III and baccatin III, and derivatives thereof, from a mixture of taxanes.