Abstract: Cathodoluminescence performed in the scanning electron microscope brings the advantage of localized excitation of individual microscopic structures. When luminescent structures are characterized, the intensity, wavelength, polarization and angular emission of the luminescence are all of interest. The invention provides an apparatus for determining the angular distribution of the radiated light, and in particular provides the user with rotational symmetry which is essential for the principle of measurement. This is compatible with additional polarization and spectral bandpass filtering methods used to characterize the luminescence and understand the specimen.

Abstract: A microtome for in situ residence within a chamber of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a SEM including the microtome is disclosed. The microtome includes a specimen holder for holding a specimen thereon at high voltage to produce a retardation field thereat and a movable knife. The SEM includes a backscatter electron detector disposed adjacent to specimen holder. The knife arranged is to be carried into engagement with the specimen on the specimen holder to slice a portion of the specimen away to expose a new face of the specimen without interfering with the high voltage on the specimen, and is mounted so that after having engaged the specimen to expose a new face of the specimen it is withdrawn to a retracted position whereupon it does not interfere with the retardation field.

Abstract: The disclosed apparatus enables attachment to a sample to be excised from a frozen bulk sample, the transfer of the excised sample from the bulk sample to a separate cooled support structure by means of a manipulator tip that can be cooled and maintained at a temperature below that of vitreous ice and which provides both an active cooling path and cryogenic shielding to maintain the temperature of the excised sample below that of vitreous ice. The cryogenic shielding also helps minimize contamination of the cooled sample by condensation of volatile material. A method is disclosed for extracting a portion of a frozen sample, comprising attaching a thermally-isolated cooled manipulator tip to the sample with vapor deposition and removing a portion of the sample affixed to the tip without changing phase of the portion of the sample being removed, with a focused ion beam.