Abstract: Aspects of the invention relate to hydrogenation catalysts, and hydrogenation processes using these catalysts, having particular characteristics, in terms of the amount and type of metal hydrogenation component (or catalytic constituent), as well as the support or substrate. The catalyst compositions, comprising both a noble metal and a lanthanide element on a substantially non-porous substrate, provide advantageous performance characteristics, including conversion, selectivity, and activity stability, as demanded in industrial hydrogenation and selective hydrogenation applications.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed utilizing synchrotron X-ray microscopy including x-ray fluorescence and x-ray absorption spectra to probe elemental distribution and elemental speciation within a material, and particularly a solid that may have one or more elements distributed on a solid substrate. Representative materials are relatively homogeneous in composition on the macroscale but relatively heterogeneous on the microscale. The analysis of such materials, particularly on a macroscale at which their heterogeneous nature can be observed, provides valuable insights into the relationships or correlations between localized concentrations of elements and/or their species, and concentrations of other components of the materials. Sample preparation methods, involving the use of a reinforcing agent, which are advantageously used in such methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed utilizing synchrotron X-ray microscopy including x-ray fluorescence and x-ray absorption spectra to probe elemental distribution and elemental speciation within a material, and particularly a solid that may have one or more elements distributed on a solid substrate. Representative materials are relatively homogeneous in composition on the macroscale but relatively heterogeneous on the microscale. The analysis of such materials, particularly on a macroscale at which their heterogeneous nature can be observed, provides valuable insights into the relationships or correlations between localized concentrations of elements and/or their species, and concentrations of other components of the materials. Sample preparation methods, involving the use of a reinforcing agent, which are advantageously used in such methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: Aspects of the invention relate to hydrogenation catalysts, and hydrogenation processes using these catalysts, having particular characteristics, in terms of the amount and type of metal hydrogenation component (or catalytic constituent), as well as the support or substrate. The catalyst compositions, comprising both a noble metal and a lanthanide element on a substantially non-porous substrate, provide advantageous performance characteristics, including conversion, selectivity, and activity stability, as demanded in industrial hydrogenation and selective hydrogenation applications.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a reforming catalyst can include indium, tin, and a catalytically effective amount of a group VIII element for one or more reforming reactions. Typically, at least about 25%, by mole, of the indium is an In(3+) species based on the total moles of indium after exposure for about 30 minutes in an atmosphere including about 100% hydrogen, by mole, at a temperature of about 565° C. Usually, no more than about 25%, by mole, of the tin is a Sn(4+) species based on the total moles of tin after exposure for about 30 minutes in an atmosphere including about 100% hydrogen, by mole, at a temperature of about 565° C.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a reforming catalyst can include indium, tin, and a catalytically effective amount of a group VIII element for one or more reforming reactions. Typically, at least about 25%, by mole, of the indium is an In(3+) species based on the total moles of indium after exposure for about 30 minutes in an atmosphere including about 100% hydrogen, by mole, at a temperature of about 565° C. Usually, no more than about 25%, by mole, of the tin is a Sn(4+) species based on the total moles of tin after exposure for about 30 minutes in an atmosphere including about 100% hydrogen, by mole, at a temperature of about 565° C.