Abstract: The so-called M2M solutions for the remote management of a machine or a process by users of a telecommunication network are addressed using an Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem platform by equipping both authorized users and a machine to be controlled with IMS clients supporting presence and messaging services as minimum requirements. The client of an authorized user sees the client of the machine as a buddy of its contact list, and interaction between the users and the machine takes place by publishing presence information by the apparatus and via instant messaging between the users and the apparatus.

Abstract: An optical modulator comprises a Z-cut lithium niobate substrate on which is formed a Mach-Zehnder interferometer having two generally parallel waveguides lying beneath a buffer layer of dielectric material. First and second ground electrodes and a hot electrode are disposed on the buffer layer, the first and second ground electrodes being spaced either side of the hot electrode, the hot electrode and the first ground electrode being proximate to at least apart of the respective waveguides. The electrode structure is unsymmetrical in that (a) the hot electrode and the first ground electrode each have a width substantially less than that of the second ground electrode and or (b) the spacing between the first ground and hot electrodes is different from the spacing between the second ground and hot electrodes. whereby a range of chirp values can be obtained.

Abstract: The so-called M2M solutions for the remote management of a machine or a process by users of a telecommunication network are addressed using an Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem platform by equipping both authorized users and a machine to be controlled with IMS clients supporting presence and messaging services as minimum requirements. The client of an authorized user sees the client of the machine as a buddy of its contact list, and interaction between the users and the machine takes place by publishing presence information by the apparatus and via instant messaging between the users and the apparatus.

Abstract: An optical modulator comprises a Z-cut lithium niobate substrate on which is formed a Mach-Zehnder interferometer having two generally parallel waveguides lying beneath a buffer layer of dielectric material. First and second ground electrodes and a hot electrode are disposed on the buffer layer, the first and second ground electrodes being spaced either side of the hot electrode, the hot electrode and the first ground electrode being proximate to at least apart of the respective waveguides. The electrode structure is unsymmetrical in that (a) the hot electrode and the first ground electrode each have a width substantially less than that of the second ground electrode and or (b) the spacing between the first ground and hot electrodes is different from the spacing between the second ground and hot electrodes. whereby a range of chirp values can be obtained.

Abstract: An optical modulator comprises a Z-cut lithium niobate substrate (21) on which is formed a Mach-Zehnder interferometer having two generally parallel waveguides (23, 25) lying beneath a buffer layer of dielectric material (27). First and second ground electrodes (29, 33) and a hot electrode (31) are disposed on the buffer layer (27), the first and second ground electrodes (29, 33) being spaced either side of the hot electrode (31), the hot electrode (31) and the first ground electrode (29) being proximate to at least apart of the respective waveguides (25, 23). The electrode structure is unsymmetrical in that (a) the hot electrode and the first ground electrode each have a width substantially less than that of the second ground electrode and or (b) the spacing between the first ground and hot electrodes is different from the spacing between the second ground and hot electrodes. whereby a range of chirp values can be obtained.

Abstract: An electro-optical modulator is disclosed that has a microwave input, chip with a thin film resistor or a lumped resistor located between an input RF connector and an RF electrode on a Lithium Niobate chip. The accessory connection chip has a broadband attenuator like a thin film resistor which is placed in a microstrip line for effecting the electrical transmission to Lithium Niobate chip. The insertion of the thin film resistor before the RF electrode lowers the electrical return loss value as a function of frequency, allowing a lower driving voltage design or a reduced chip length without degrading the performances.

Abstract: An optical modulator comprises a Z-cut lithium niobate substrate (21) on which is formed a Mach-Zehnder interferometer having two generally parallel waveguides (23, 25) lying beneath a buffer layer of dielectric material (27). First and second ground electrodes (29, 33) and a hot electrode (31) are disposed on the buffer layer (27), the first and second ground electrodes (29, 33) being spaced either side of the hot electrode (31), the hot electrode (31) and the first ground electrode (29) being proximate to at least apart of the respective waveguides (25, 23). The electrode structure is unsymmetrical in that (a) the hot electrode and the first ground electrode each have a width substantially less than that of the second ground electrode and or (b) the spacing between the first ground and hot electrodes is different from the spacing between the second ground and hot electrodes. whereby a range of chirp values can be obtained.

Abstract: An electro-optical modulator is disclosed that has a microwave input, chip with a thin film resistor or a lumped resistor located between an input RF connector and an RF electrode on a Lithium Niobate chip. The accessory connection chip has a broadband attenuator like a thin film resistor which is placed in a microstrip line for effecting the electrical transmission to Lithium Niobate chip. The insertion of the thin film resistor before the RF electrode lowers the electrical return loss value as a function of frequency, allowing a lower driving voltage design or a reduced chip length without degrading the performances.