Abstract: A chiral azobenzene dopant with helical twisting power has a structure represented by the following formula (I): wherein Z and Z? are independently selected from the group consisting of naphthalene and phenanthrene; when Z or Z? is naphthalene, the naphthalene optionally has R3 at the 6 position and R4 at the 6? position; when Z or Z? is phenanthrene, the phenanthrene optionally has R3 at the 7 position and R4 at the 7? position; R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbons, an alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbons, an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbons, and an aryloxy group having 6 to 20 carbons; and on any R1, R2, R3, and R4, on any CH2 a CH3 is optionally attached by replacing a hydrogen on a CH2.

Abstract: A chiral azobenzene dopant with helical twisting power has a structure represented by the following formula (I): wherein Z and Z? are independently selected from the group consisting of naphthalene and phenanthrene; when Z or Z? is naphthalene, the naphthalene optionally has R3 at the 6 position and R4 at the 6? position; when Z or Z? is phenanthrene, the phenanthrene optionally has R3 at the 7 position and R4 at the 7? position; R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbons, an alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbons, an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbons, and an aryloxy group having 6 to 20 carbons; and on any R1, R2, R3, and R4, on any CH2 a CH3 is optionally attached by replacing a hydrogen on a CH2.

Abstract: A lithium-ion battery has anode active material, nickel-based cathode active material, and an electrolyte. The electrolyte has the following formulation: a carbonate-based solvent; LiPF6; vinylene carbonate; and an additive that satisfies the following: less than or equal to nine carbons; at least one unsaturated bond; a predicted oxidation potential Vox of 2.0<Vox<4.5; and a five member ring with a silicon heteroatom.

Abstract: A lithium-ion battery has anode active material, nickel-based cathode active material, and an electrolyte. The electrolyte has the following formulation: a carbonate-based solvent; LiPF6; vinylene carbonate; and an additive that satisfies the following: less than or equal to nine carbons; at least one unsaturated bond; a predicted oxidation potential Vox of 2.0<Vox<4.5; and a boron atom, a phosphorus atom or an S—N functional.