Abstract: A water purifier includes a first crystallization chamber and a second crystallization chamber that each receives a supply of input water; wherein each of the first and second crystallization chambers is a freeze/thaw chamber in which water is alternately frozen and thawed. A refrigerant circuit alternately supplies cold refrigerant to freeze the input water in one of the crystallization chambers, and supplies heated refrigerant to the other of the crystallization chambers to thaw the purified water. The first and second crystallization chambers operate concurrently and out-of-phase whereby heat recovered from freezing in one of the crystallization chambers is transferred by the refrigerant circuit for use in thawing in the other of the crystallization chambers.

Abstract: An ion mobility spectrometer includes a plurality of substrates defining a measurement region for receiving a singular laminar gas flow without any carrier or sheath gas. The measurement region includes an ionization region that is continuous with a detection region. An ionizing electrode, which may include a plurality of asymmetric electrodes, produces ions in the gas sample within the ionization region. The ionizing electrode may apply a time varying voltage to the gas sample to generate a time dependent ion production. A field generating electrode generates an electric field to deflect the ions in the gas sample, and a detection electrode array detects the deflected ions within the detection region. A controller is configured to determine ion species based on the detection of ions by the detection electrode array.

Abstract: An ion mobility spectrometer includes a plurality of substrates defining a measurement region for receiving a singular laminar gas flow without any carrier or sheath gas. The measurement region includes an ionization region that is continuous with a detection region. An ionizing electrode, which may include a plurality of asymmetric electrodes, produces ions in the gas sample within the ionization region. The ionizing electrode may apply a time varying voltage to the gas sample to generate a time dependent ion production. A field generating electrode generates an electric field to deflect the ions in the gas sample, and a detection electrode array detects the deflected ions within the detection region. A controller is configured to determine ion species based on the detection of ions by the detection electrode array.