Abstract: A polymer, methods of making the polymer, methods of recycling the polymer and compositions including the polymer are described. The polymer can contain repeating units of Formula (I), where n is 1 and denotes number of repeat units, X is an aliphatic group, and Z is an aliphatic hydro-carbon group having at least 45 carbon atoms, preferably 45 to 1,000 carbon atoms, and has a degree of saturation 98 to 100%. The polymer contains 0.01 to 40 ester groups per 1000 backbone carbon units and has a melt temperature (Tm) of 40° C. to 180° C. as measured by DSC at a heating rate of 10° C. per min.

Abstract: A copolymer, methods of making the polymer, methods of recycling the polymer and compositions including the polymer are described. The copolymer, can contain repeating units of Formula (I), and repeating units of Formula (II), for each of Formulas (I) and (II), n is independently 1 and denotes number of repeat units, X is an aliphatic group for each of Formulas (I) and (II), Z is a first polyolefin group comprising at least 45 carbon atoms, preferably 100 to 700 carbon atoms, and has a degree of saturation 98 to 100%; and Z? is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group. Formula (I) or Formula (II), or both, comprise 0.

Abstract: A process for producing methanol includes the following steps (a) reacting, via a catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) reaction, a CPO reactant mixture (hydrocarbon, oxygen, and optionally steam) in a CPO reactor to produce syngas including H2, CO, CO2, H2O, and unreacted hydrocarbons; and wherein the CPO reactor includes a CPO catalyst; (b) introducing the syngas to a methanol reactor to produce a methanol reactor effluent stream (methanol, water, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons); and (c) separating the methanol reactor effluent stream into a crude methanol stream, a hydrogen stream, a CO2 stream, and a purge gas stream. The crude methanol stream comprises includes methanol and water; wherein the purge gas stream includes carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons; and the CO2 stream includes at least a portion of the CO2 of the methanol reactor effluent stream; and (d) recycling at least a portion of the CO2 stream to the CPO reactor.

Abstract: A process for producing syngas and olefins includes the steps of feeding a catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) reactant mixture having oxygen, first hydrocarbons, and optionally steam to a CPO reaction zone having a CPO catalyst such that at least a portion of the CPO reactant mixture reacts, via an exothermic CPO reaction, to produce syngas having hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), water, and unreacted first hydrocarbons. The syngas is characterized by a molar ratio M defined as (H2?CO2)/(CO+CO2). The method further includes feeding a cracking zone feed having second hydrocarbons to a cracking zone such that at least a portion of the second hydrocarbons undergoes an endothermic cracking reaction to produce a cracking zone product stream having olefins, hydrogen, and unreacted second hydrocarbons; and cooling the CPO reaction zone by heating the cracking zone while cooling the CPO reaction zone via heat transfer between the CPO reaction zone and the cracking zone.

Abstract: A process for producing syngas and olefins includes the steps of feeding a catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) reactant mixture having oxygen, first hydrocarbons, and optionally steam to a CPO reaction zone having a CPO catalyst such that at least a portion of the CPO reactant mixture reacts, via an exothermic CPO reaction, to produce syngas having hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), water, and unreacted first hydrocarbons. The syngas is characterized by a molar ratio M defined as (H2?CO2)/(CO+CO2). The method further includes feeding a cracking zone feed having second hydrocarbons to a cracking zone such that at least a portion of the second hydrocarbons undergoes an endothermic cracking reaction to produce a cracking zone product stream having olefins, hydrogen, and unreacted second hydrocarbons; and cooling the CPO reaction zone by heating the cracking zone while cooling the CPO reaction zone via heat transfer between the CPO reaction zone and the cracking zone.

Abstract: A process for producing methanol including the following steps: (a) reacting, via a catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) reaction, a CPO reactant mixture (hydrocarbons, oxygen, and optionally steam) in a CPO reactor to produce syngas; wherein the CPO reactor has a CPO catalyst; and wherein the syngas includes hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, and unreacted hydrocarbons; (b) introducing the syngas to a methanol reactor to produce a methanol reactor effluent stream; wherein the methanol reactor effluent stream includes methanol, water, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons; and (c) separating the methanol reactor effluent stream into a crude methanol stream and a vapor stream. The crude methanol stream comprises includes methanol and water. The vapor stream includes hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons; and wherein the crude methanol stream has water in an amount of less than about 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the crude methanol stream.

Abstract: A process for producing syngas and olefins including the steps of feeding a catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) reactant mixture (oxygen, first hydrocarbons, steam) to a CPO reactor (CPO catalyst); wherein the CPO reactant mixture reacts, via CPO reaction, in CPO reactor to produce a CPO reactor effluent (H2, CO, CO2, water, unreacted first hydrocarbons).

Abstract: A process for producing methanol includes the following steps (a) reacting, via a catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) reaction, a CPO reactant mixture (hydrocarbon, oxygen, and optionally steam) in a CPO reactor to produce syngas including H2, CO, CO2, H2O, and unreacted hydrocarbons; and wherein the CPO reactor includes a CPO catalyst; (b) introducing the syngas to a methanol reactor to produce a methanol reactor effluent stream (methanol, water, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons); and (c) separating the methanol reactor effluent stream into a crude methanol stream, a hydrogen stream, a CO2 stream, and a purge gas stream. The crude methanol stream comprises includes methanol and water; wherein the purge gas stream includes carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons; and the CO2 stream includes at least a portion of the CO2 of the methanol reactor effluent stream; and (d) recycling at least a portion of the CO2 stream to the CPO reactor.

Abstract: A bulk three-dimensional (3-D) catalyst and methods of making and use are described herein. The bulk three-dimensional (3-D) catalyst is formed from a catalytically active metal or metal alloy and has a sulfurized or oxidized outer surface.

Abstract: An alkylation catalyst having a zeolite catalyst component and a binder component providing mechanical support for the zeolite catalyst component is disclosed. The binder component is an ion-modified binder that can include metal ions selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, K, Cs, Ga, B, P, Rb, Ag, Na, Cu, Mg, Fe, Mo, Ce, and combinations thereof. The metal ions reduce the number of acid sites on the zeolite catalyst component. The metal ions can range from 0.1 to 50 wt % based on the total weight of the ion-modified binder. Optionally, the ion-modified binder is present in amounts ranging from 1 to 80 wt % based on the total weight of the catalyst.

Abstract: A catalyst containing nanosize zeolite particles supported on a support material for alkylation reactions, such as the alkylation of benzene to form ethylbenzene, and processes using such a catalyst is disclosed.

Abstract: A process includes reacting a feed stream containing ethanol and optionally acetaldehyde in a dehydration reactor in the presence of a dehydration catalyst system having a Group 4 or Group 5 metal oxide and a support. The process includes obtaining a product stream containing butadiene from the dehydration reactor. Another process includes reacting a feed stream containing ethanol and optionally acetaldehyde in a dehydration reactor in the presence of a dehydration catalyst system containing a tungsten oxide supported on a zeolite or a tantalum oxide supported on a zeolite. The process includes obtaining a product stream containing butadiene from the dehydration reactor.

Abstract: A catalyst containing nanosize zeolite particles supported on a support material for alkylation reactions, such as the alkylation of benzene to form ethylbenzene, and processes using such a catalyst is disclosed.

Abstract: A process includes reacting a feed stream containing ethanol and optionally acetaldehyde in a dehydration reactor in the presence of a dehydration catalyst system having a Group 4 or Group 5 metal oxide and a support. The process includes obtaining a product stream containing butadiene from the dehydration reactor. Another process includes reacting a feed stream containing ethanol and optionally acetaldehyde in a dehydration reactor in the presence of a dehydration catalyst system containing a tungsten oxide supported on a zeolite or a tantalum oxide supported on a zeolite. The process includes obtaining a product stream containing butadiene from the dehydration reactor.

Abstract: A process includes reacting a feed stream containing ethanol and optionally acetaldehyde in a dehydration reactor in the presence of a dehydration catalyst system having a Group 4 or Group 5 metal oxide and a support. The process includes obtaining a product stream containing butadiene from the dehydration reactor. Another process includes reacting a feed stream containing ethanol and optionally acetaldehyde in a dehydration reactor in the presence of a dehydration catalyst system containing a tungsten oxide supported on a zeolite or a tantalum oxide supported on a zeolite. The process includes obtaining a product stream containing butadiene from the dehydration reactor.

Abstract: Thermoneutral systems and methods for producing carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are disclosed. The systems can include a first reaction zone and a second reaction zone, where heat generated in the first reaction zone is sufficient to drive a carbon dioxide gas (CO2(g)) and elemental sulfur gas (S(g)) reaction to produce a product stream that includes CO(g) and SO2(g).

Abstract: An alkylation catalyst having a zeolite catalyst component and a binder component providing mechanical support for the zeolite catalyst component is disclosed. The binder component is an ion-modified binder that can include metal ions selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, K, Cs, Ga, B, P, Rb, Ag, Na, Cu, Mg, Fe, Mo, Ce, and combinations thereof. The metal ions reduce the number of acid sites on the zeolite catalyst component. The metal ions can range from 0.1 to 50 wt % based on the total weight of the ion-modified binder. Optionally, the ion-modified binder is present in amounts ranging from 1 to 80 wt % based on the total weight of the catalyst.

Abstract: An alkylation catalyst having a zeolite catalyst component and a binder component providing mechanical support for the zeolite catalyst component is disclosed. The binder component is an ion-modified binder that can include metal ions selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, K, Cs, Ga, B, P, Rb, Ag, Na, Cu, Mg, Fe, Mo, Ce, and combinations thereof. The metal ions reduce the number of acid sites on the zeolite catalyst component. The metal ions can range from 0.1 to 50 wt % based on the total weight of the ion-modified binder. Optionally, the ion-modified binder is present in amounts ranging from 1 to 80 wt % based on the total weight of the catalyst.

Abstract: A process includes reacting a feed stream containing ethanol and optionally acetaldehyde in a dehydration reactor in the presence of a dehydration catalyst system having a Group 4 or Group 5 metal oxide and a support. The process includes obtaining a product stream containing butadiene from the dehydration reactor. Another process includes reacting a feed stream containing ethanol and optionally acetaldehyde in a dehydration reactor in the presence of a dehydration catalyst system containing a tungsten oxide supported on a zeolite or a tantalum oxide supported on a zeolite. The process includes obtaining a product stream containing butadiene from the dehydration reactor.

Abstract: A method of making a catalyst containing nanosize zeolite particles supported on a support material is disclosed. A process for making styrene or ethylbenzene by reacting toluene with a C1 source over a catalyst containing nanosize zeolite particles supported on a support material is disclosed.