Abstract: A single-chip integrated LED particularly adapted for direct use with a high voltage AC power comprises a plurality of series-connected LEDs arranged in two arrays. The opposite polarities of the arrays are connected together and then connected to the AC power source. During the positive half of the AC cycle, one array of LEDs is forward biased and energized, while the other array is reverse biased. During the negative half of the AC cycle, the other array of LEDs is forward biased and thus energized, while the first array is reverse biased and thus not energized. The arrays are alternately energized and de-energized at the frequency of the AC power source, and thus the single-chip integrated LED always appears to be energized.

Abstract: A single-chip integrated LED particularly adapted for direct use with a high voltage AC power comprises a plurality of series-connected LEDs arranged in two arrays. The opposite polarities of the arrays are connected together and then connected to the AC power source. During the positive half of the AC cycle, one array of LEDs is forward biased and energized, while the other array is reverse biased. During the negative half of the AC cycle, the other array of LEDs is forward biased and thus energized, while the first array is reverse biased and thus not energized. The arrays are alternately energized and de-energized at the frequency of the AC power source, and thus the single-chip integrated LED always appears to be energized.

Abstract: A single-chip integrated LED particularly adapted for direct use with a high voltage AC power comprises a plurality of series-connected LEDs arranged in two arrays. The opposite polarities of the arrays are connected together and then connected to the AC power source. During the positive half of the AC cycle, one array of LEDs is forward biased and energized, while the other array is reverse biased. During the negative half of the AC cycle, the other array of LEDs is forward biased and thus energized, while the first array is reverse biased and thus not energized. The arrays are alternately energized and de-energized at the frequency of the AC power source, and thus the single-chip integrated LED always appears to be energized.

Abstract: A single-chip integrated LED particularly adapted for direct use with a high voltage AC power comprises a plurality of series-connected LEDs arranged in two arrays. The opposite polarities of the arrays are connected together and then connected to the AC power source. During the positive half of the AC cycle, one array of LEDs is forward biased and energized, while the other array is reverse biased. During the negative half of the AC cycle, the other array of LEDs is forward biased and thus energized, while the first array is reverse biased and thus not energized. The arrays are alternately energized and de-energized at the frequency of the AC power source, and thus the single-chip integrated LED always appears to be energized.

Abstract: A micro-size LED-like optical element has an n-contact, a p-contact, and an optical active structure connected between the n-contact and the p-contact for generating light when forward biased and for detecting light when reverse biased. The optical active structure has a diameter of about 20 &mgr;m or smaller. When the the optical active structure is forward biased, it forms a micro-size LED (&mgr;LED). When the optical active structure is reverse biased, it forms a micro-size detector (&mgr;detector). An array of the micro-size optical active structures may be used as a minidisplay, a detector, or a sensor (when each structure is separately wired), or as a hyperbright LED (when the structures are wired to turn on and off simultaneously). Alternatively, a hyperbright LED may be obtained by forming a plurality of micro-size holes extending into an LED wafer.