Abstract: A fluoride ion battery includes a substantially lithium-free anode and cathode. At least one of the anode or cathode contains fluorine, and a substantially lithium-free liquid electrolyte is used for charge transport. The electrolyte is liquid at temperatures below about 200 degrees Celsius, and can be formed from an organic-soluble fluoride salt dissolved in selected classes of solvents.

Abstract: A fluoride ion battery includes a substantially lithium-free anode and cathode. At least one of the anode or cathode contains fluorine, and a substantially lithium-free liquid electrolyte is used for charge transport. The electrolyte is liquid at temperatures below about 200 degrees Celsius, and can be formed from an organic-soluble fluoride salt dissolved in selected classes of solvents.

Abstract: A fluoride ion battery includes a substantially lithium-free anode and cathode. At least one of the anode or cathode contains fluorine, and a substantially lithium-free liquid electrolyte is used for charge transport. The electrolyte is liquid at temperatures below about 200 degrees Celsius, and can be formed from an organic-soluble fluoride salt dissolved in selected classes of solvents.

Abstract: Lithium anode based battery systems can use polymeric binding materials to act as particulate binders for fluorinated carbon based electrodes. The binders mechanically hold electrochemically active particles together, while inhibiting lithium fluoride crystallization that generates unwanted heat release in a discharging battery. Polymeric binders that include positively-charged groups, negatively-charged groups, electron deficient ?-anion receptor groups, or boronate-based fluoride receptor group can be used alone or in combination.

Abstract: Non-aqueous electrochemical cells, and batteries formed of such cells are described. More particularly, use of electrochemical cells containing sub-fluorinated carbon-carbon composite as an active material for the positive electrode of such cells and batteries is disclosed. When used in conjunction with lithium anodes and a non-aqueous electrolyte, the electrochemical cell provides high discharge rate and excellent capacity utilization.

Abstract: A fluoride ion battery includes a substantially lithium-free anode and cathode. At least one of the anode or cathode contains fluorine, and a substantially lithium-free liquid electrolyte is used for charge transport. The electrolyte is liquid at temperatures below about 200 degrees Celsius, and can be formed from an organic-soluble fluoride salt dissolved in selected classes of solvents.

Abstract: The present invention provides a secondary electrochemical cell comprising a body of aprotic, non-aqueous electrolyte, first and second electrodes in effective electrochemical contact with the electrolyte, the first electrode comprising active materials such as a lithiated intercalation compound serving as the positive electrode or cathode and the second electrode comprising a carbon-carbon composite material infiltrated with polymeric binder and serving as the negative electrode or anode. Such an electrochemical cell has improved mechanical properties and cycle life as compared with similar secondary non-aqueous electrochemical cells having carbon-carbon composite anodes that are not incorporated with polymeric binder.

Abstract: A rechargeable lithium ion electrochemical cell and/or battery configured to provide improved reversible energy storage capacity is disclosed. The electrochemical cell and/or battery comprising a body of aprotic, non-aqueous electrolyte, first and second electrodes in effective electrochemical contact with the electrolyte, the first electrode comprising a cathode formed by active materials such as a lithiated intercalation compound and the second electrode comprising an anode formed by a carbonaceous material combined with molybdenum carbide. An electrochemical lithium ion cell and/or battery according to the invention is designed to provide improved reversible energy storage capacity characteristics as compared with similar lithium-ion cells having carbon anodes that are not combined with molybdenum carbide.

Abstract: A rechargeable lithium ion electrochemical cell and/or battery configured to provide improved reversible energy storage capacity is disclosed. The electrochemical cell and/or battery comprising a body of aprotic, non-aqueous electrolyte, first and second electrodes in effective electrochemical contact with the electrolyte, the first electrode comprising a cathode formed by active materials such as a lithiated intercalation compound and the second electrode comprising an anode formed by a carbonaceous material combined with molybdenum carbide. An electrochemical lithium ion cell and/or battery according to the invention is designed to provide improved reversible energy storage capacity characteristics as compared with similar lithium-ion cells having carbon anodes that are not combined with molybdenum carbide.

Abstract: The present invention provides a secondary electrochemical cell comprising a body of aprotic, non-aqueous electrolyte, first and second electrodes in effective electrochemical contact with the electrolyte, the first electrode comprising active materials such as a lithiated intercalation compound serving as the positive electrode or cathode and the second electrode comprising a carbon material on carbon-based substrate and serving as the negative electrode or anode; whereby they provide a secondary non-aqueous electrochemical cell having improved overdischarge and overcharge acceptance ability as compared with similar secondary non-aqueous electrochemical cells having carbon anodes with metal substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a secondary electrochemical cell comprising a body of aprotic, non-aqueous electrolyte, first and second electrodes in effective electrochemical contact with the electrolyte, the first electrode comprising active materials such as a lithiated intercalation compound serving as the positive electrode or cathode and the second electrode comprising a carbon-carbon composite material and serving as the negative electrode or anode; whereby they provide a secondary non-aqueous electrochemical cell having improved cycle life and shelf-life characteristics as compared with similar secondary non-aqueous electrochemical cells having carbon anodes that are not carbon-carbon composite.

Abstract: A novel and improved rechargeable, lithium-ion battery system is composed of a plurality of individual electrochemical cells having positive and negative electrodes disposed in opposite face-to-face arrangement with a porous separator containing electrolyte therebetween, and wherein the positive and negative electrodes of adjacent cells are disposed in contact respectively with opposite sides of a common current-collecting element forming a unitary bipolar structure. The negative electrode comprises a layer of carbon adhered to one side of the current-collecting element while the positive electrode comprises a layer containing a lithium transition metal oxide or sulfide compound adhered to the other opposite side of the element. The unitary bipolar structures containing the positive and negative electrodes of adjacent cells include outer peripheral, electrically-insulating seal members, preferably in the form of plastic insulating rings, which are joined together in a sealed stacked array.

Abstract: Gas diffusion electrodes and gas-generating or consuming electrochemical cells utilizing the same are disclosed. The electrode comprises an electronically conductive and electrochemically active porous body defining respective gas and electrolyte contacting surfaces, with a substantially gas impermeable layer covering the electrolyte contacting surface. The layer comprises an electrolyte-insoluble, ionomeric ionically conductive hydrophilic hydrogel formed by coprecipitation between at least first and second precursor polymers.

Abstract: Gas diffusion electrodes and gas generating or consuming electrochemical cells utilizing the same are disclosed. The electrode comprises an electronically conductive and electrochemically active porous body defining respective gas and electrolyte contacting surfaces, with a substantially gas impermeable material filling at least a portion of the pore volume of the body so as to prevent gas passage therethrough. The material comprises an electrolyte-insoluble, ionomeric ionically conductive hydrophilic hydrogel formed by coprecipitation between at least two precursor polymers.

Abstract: A getter electrode is provided to prevent dendrite formation and growth in electrochemical cells having alkali metal anodes such as lithium. The getter electrode includes a relatively thin, for example, about 2 mil thick layer of active material selected from the group consisting of carbon, graphite and mixtures thereof disposed on an inert substrate such as glass fiber separator paper. The getter electrode is positioned between the anode and the cathode in the cell and is separated from the anode and cathode by separators of fiberglass paper or the like. The getter electrode functions as a cathode with low rate capabilities. When dendrites arrive at the getter electrode from the anode or cathode, they are immediately discharged and not allowed to grow beyond the getter electrode. The result is a dramatic improvement in the cell cycle life and capacity retention.

Abstract: Gas diffusion oxygen cathodes, oxygen consuming electrochemical cells utilizing such cathodes, and a method of preparing such cathodes are disclosed. The cathode comprises an electronically conductive porous body defining respective gas and electrolyte contacting surfaces. The cathode is prepared by forming the porous body, disposing the electrolyte contacting the gas contacting surface with a gaseous atmosphere. Current is passed through the porous body at a degree of electrode polarization much higher than normal whereby modification of the electrode material is effected. If desired, a transition metal macrocycle catalyst may be incorporated in the electrode and is subjected to pretreatment as well. The inventive electrodes exhibit superior voltage performance under oxygen reduction polarization conditions.

Abstract: Gas diffusion electrodes and gas generating or consuming electrochemical cells utilizing the same are disclosed. The electrode includes an electronically conductive and electrochemically active porous body defining respective gas and electrolyte contacting surfaces, with an ionomeric ionically conductive gas impermeable layer covering the electrolyte contacting surface. The layer includes a layer of a hydrophilic ionic polymer applied directly to the electrolyte contacting surface and a membrane of a hydrophilic ion exchange resin overlying the polymer layer.

Abstract: Gas diffusion electrodes, gas generating or consuming electrochemical cells utilizing such electrodes, and a method of preparing such electrodes are disclosed. The electrode comprises an electronically conductive porous body defining respective gas and electrolyte contacting surfaces. The electrode is prepared by forming the porous body, disposing the electrolyte contacting surface in contact with an electrolyte, and contacting the gas contacting surface with a gaseous atmosphere. Current is passed through the porous body at a degree of electrode polarization much higher than normal whereby modification of the electrode material is effected. If desired, a catalyst may be incorporated in the electrode and is subjected to pretreatment as well. The inventive electrodes exhibit superior voltage performance under oxygen polarization conditions.