Abstract: Disclosed are an electronic candle structure and production method, and wax shell of the electronic candle. The electronic candle, comprising a wax shell, an core system and a lining, the wax shell is formed by directly cooling and solidifying melted wax on the outer surface of the lining, the outer surface of the wax shell is formed by the inner surface of a female mold, and the main body of the core system is fixed in the inner space of the lining. Compared with the prior art, the invention greatly reduces the consumption of raw materials and energy in the production process, shortens the production cycle, improves the production efficiency, and effectively reduces the costs. Moreover, the overall mechanical strength of the product is enhanced to prevent the product from deformation under the long-term use conditions at relatively high environmental temperatures, and improve the durability of the product.

Abstract: A method for determining a path in an optical network, implemented by one or more controllers associated with a control layer, includes receiving a path request specifying start and end points, an associated bandwidth, and a longevity parameter providing an anticipated length during which the path is required; determining a route in the optical network through a routing algorithm executed by the controller, wherein the routing algorithm utilizes the start and end points, the associated bandwidth, and the longevity parameter to determine the path; and provisioning the path through a plurality of switches along the route.

Abstract: A method for determining a path in an optical network, implemented by one or more controllers associated with a control layer, includes receiving a path request specifying start and end points, an associated bandwidth, and a longevity parameter providing an anticipated length during which the path is required; determining a route in the optical network through a routing algorithm executed by the controller, wherein the routing algorithm utilizes the start and end points, the associated bandwidth, and the longevity parameter to determine the path; and provisioning the path through a plurality of switches along the route.

Abstract: Typically paths are provisioned in a network with a margin which allows for component variations and failures in the network and so on. By providing more information about the requirements of the link in a path request, it is possible to more efficiently calculate a route for the path through the network. The efficiency gain allows greater network utilization which in turn saves costs for the network service provider.

Abstract: A transparent wavelength routed optical network has two or more different optical layer restoration schemes to provide different levels of resilience, and a restoration allocator arranged to allocate the optical layer restoration schemes, to different parts of the traffic. This can enable similar capacity for high resilience traffic as a single resilience level network, and provide additional capacity for lower resilience level traffic, which can reflect the value of the traffic. The allocator can be located centrally in a network manager, or in distributed fashion at each node, and can depend on a translation of a parameter requested by the customer. Nodes have message processors for receiving a message for reserving a path, determining if the path has become unavailable, and if so, sending a second message to collect information about any other paths still available on the same route.

Abstract: A wavelength division multiplexed optical network has a restoration process to re-route one or more of the wavelengths, by dynamically determining possible restoration routes, and re-routing each wavelength along a chosen one of the possible restoration routes. A distributed dynamic search for restoration routes down to the optical layer, for wavelengths, gives faster and more scalable restoration than reconfiguring routing tables and enables much better utilisation of bandwidth than using predetermined restoration paths.

Abstract: An interpolation and scanning line converting circuit in a digital television for converting an interlaced scanning signal to a progressive scanning signal by linearly interpolating through a slant correlation of a lowpass interpolation signal and through "0" insertion of a highpass interpolation signal in a vertical direction in order to prevent visual degradation of a vertical direction of an image as well to prevent visual disturbance phenomenon resulted from the interlaced scanning method.

Abstract: An improved high speed comparator having the compatible open collector output in TTL to use the single supply voltage and reduce the non-symmetrical distortion even by using only NPN transistors without using PNP transistors which are taken as the limit element of the high speed. Forward base-emitter voltage of transistor Q6 is matched with base-emitter voltage of transistor Q11, base-emitter voltage of transistor Q5 is matched with base-emitter voltage of transistor Q12, and reverse emitter-collector voltage of transistor Q7 is matched with reverse emitter-collector voltage of transistor Q10. When resistance R1 equals one-half of resistance R2, voltage drop across R2 equals the base-emitter voltage of transistor Q13, and well balanced square waves may be generated by driving transistors Q1, Q2 with a single current source.