Abstract: A bitstream reconstruction method and apparatus are provided. The method includes constructing an initial bitstream by rendering sound source information and geometry information within a reference radius from an initial location of a user accessing a virtual space into spatial audio, collecting location information according to a movement of the user within the virtual space, and reconstructing, based on a relationship between the reference radius and a movement radius identified according to the collected location information, the initial bitstream constructed by corresponding to the initial location of the user.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating late reverberation are provided. The method includes generating a reverberation parameter required to generate late reverberation based on an early room impulse response, outputting late reverberation based on the reverberation parameter, and outputting a room impulse response based on the early room impulse response and the late reverberation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a phosphor monomolecular compound, an organic transistor using same, and a water splitting and hydrogen production photocatalytic system using same. More specifically, the present invention comprises a water-soluble monomolecular compound including 1,5-naphtyridine-2,6-dione structure as a phosphor monomolecular compound.

Abstract: An exemplary catheter can be provided, which can include, for example a source fiber(s) configured to (i) receive a near infrared spectroscopic (NIRS) radiation, and (ii) provide the NIRS radiation to a portion(s) of a sample(s), a detection fiber(s) configured to receive a return radiation from the sample(s) that can be based on the NIRS radiation that was provided to the portion(s) of the sample(s), and an ablation electrode(s) configured to ablate the sample(s) based on the return radiation. The source fiber(s), the detection fiber(s), and the ablation electrode(s) can be integrated into the single sheath. The ablation electrode(s) can be a radiofrequency ablation electrode.

Abstract: A rendering method of an object-based audio signal and an apparatus for performing the same are provided. The rendering method of an object-based audio signal includes obtaining a rendered audio signal, performing clipping prevention on the rendered audio signal using a first limiter, mixing a signal output by the first limiter using a mixer, and performing clipping prevention on the mixed signal using a second limiter.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for label encoding in a multi-sound event interval. The method includes identifying an event interval in which a plurality of sound events occurs in a sound signal, separating a sound source into sound event signals corresponding to each sound event by performing sound source separation on the event interval, determining energy information for each of the sound event signals, and performing label encoding based on the energy information.

Abstract: Disclosed are a training method for a learning model for recognizing an acoustic signal, a method of recognizing an acoustic signal using the learning model, and devices for performing the methods. The method of recognizing an acoustic signal using a learning model includes identifying an acoustic signal including an acoustic event or acoustic scene, determining an acoustic feature of the acoustic signal, dividing the determined acoustic feature for each of a plurality of frequency band intervals, and determining the acoustic event or acoustic scene included in the acoustic signal by inputting the divided acoustic features to a trained learning model.

Abstract: The inventive concept provides a method for treating a substrate. The method includes removing a film on the substrate by applying a pulsed laser to the rotating substrate, in which thickness of the film to be removed is measured and pulse energy of the pulsed laser is selected based on the measured thickness of the film.

Abstract: A rendering method of an object-based audio signal and an apparatus for performing the same are provided. The rendering method of an object-based audio signal includes obtaining a rendered audio signal, performing clipping prevention on the rendered audio signal using a first limiter, mixing a signal output by the first limiter using a mixer, and performing clipping prevention on the mixed signal using a second limiter.

Abstract: A method of rendering object-based audio and an electronic device performing the method are provided. The method includes identifying a bitstream, determining a reference distance of an object sound source based on the bitstream, determining a minimum distance for applying distance-dependent attenuation, based on the reference distance, and determining a gain of object-based audio included in the bitstream based on the reference distance and the minimum distance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing a solid-state photonic crystal IPN composite functionalized with an enzyme, a photonic crystal IPN composite prepared by the method, and a biosensor using the photonic crystal IPN composite. The method of the present invention includes (1) mixing a nonreactive chiral dopant with a reactive nematic mesogen, curing the mixture, and removing the chiral dopant while maintaining a helical structure, to form a solid-state helical photonic crystal structure, (2) infiltrating a PAA hydrogel into the internal space of the photonic crystal structure, followed by curing to form an IPN-structured composite, and (3) immobilizing an enzyme in the IPN-structured composite. The PAA hydrogel is infiltrated into the solid-state helical photonic crystal structure and the enzyme is immobilized such that a pH change caused by the enzymatic reaction induces shrinkage and expansion of the PAA hydrogel, leading to a color change.

Abstract: An apparatus and system for treating a substrate includes a chamber having an inner space, a support unit in the inner space and configured to support and rotate the substrate, and first and second laser irradiation unit configured to irradiate first and second laser beams onto the substrate. The first laser irradiation unit includes a first laser light source configured to generate the first laser beam, and a first wavelength adjusting member configured to adjust a range of a wavelength of the first laser beam received from the first laser light source. The second laser beam, and a second wavelength adjusting member configured to adjust a range of a wavelength of the second laser beam received from the second laser light source.

Abstract: A method of rendering object-based audio and an electronic device performing the method are disclosed. The method includes identifying metadata of object-based audio, identifying an audio source distance between the object-based audio and a listener using the metadata, determining a minimum distance of the object-based audio to apply attenuation according to the audio source distance, based on a reference distance of the object-based audio in the metadata, and rendering the object-based audio using the audio source distance and the minimum distance.

Abstract: Disclosed are an n-type semiconductor including compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 or Chemical Formula 2, an image sensor, and an electronic device. In Chemical Formula 1 and Chemical Formula 2, each substituent is as defined in the detailed description.

Abstract: A method of rendering object-based audio and an electronic device for performing the method are disclosed. The method includes identifying metadata of the object-based audio, determining whether the metadata includes a parameter set for an atmospheric absorption effect for each distance, and rendering the object-based audio, using a distance between the object-based audio and a listener obtained using the metadata and the atmospheric absorption effect according to an effect of a medium attenuation based on the parameter, when the metadata includes the parameter.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for removing a film from a substrate by irradiating a plurality of unit pulse laser beams to an edge region of the substrate. The method includes a first irradiation operation for irradiating a plurality of unit pulse laser beams onto the substrate while the substrate is rotating, and a second irradiation operation for irradiating a plurality of unit pulse laser beams to regions of the substrate onto which the unit pulse laser beams are not irradiated in the first irradiation operation.

Abstract: A method of rendering object audio and electronic device for performing the method are provided. The method includes identifying object audio and metadata including a reference distance of the object audio and an audio source distance between the object audio and a listener, identifying a maximum distance of the object audio determined based on the reference distance, when the audio source distance is less than or equal to the maximum distance, determining a gain of the object audio based on the audio source distance and the reference distance, and rendering the object audio according to the gain of the object audio.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a light emitting device that includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, and an emission layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the emission layer includes a first compound represented by Formula 1, which is explained in the specification:

Abstract: Disclosed are an n-type semiconductor including compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 or Chemical Formula 2, an image sensor, and an electronic device. In Chemical Formula 1 and Chemical Formula 2, each substituent is as defined in the detailed description.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polymer, an organic solar cell comprising the polymer, and a perovskite solar cell comprising the polymer. The polymer according to the present invention has excellent absorption ability for visible light and an energy level suitable for the use as an electron donor compound in a photo-active layer of the organic solar cell, thereby increasing the light conversion efficiency of the organic solar cell. In addition, the polymer according to the present invention has high hole mobility, and is used as a compound for a hole transport layer, and thus can improve efficiency and service life of the perovskite solar cell without an additive.