Abstract: The invention relates to methods of assessing a patient's risk of developing Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of assessing a patient's risk of developing Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of assessing a patient's risk of developing Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of assessing a patient's risk of developing Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of assessing a patient's risk of developing Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

Abstract: During operation of flow battery systems, the volume of one or more electrolyte solutions can change due to solvent loss processes. An electrochemical balancing cell can be used to combat volume variability. Methods for altering the volume of one or more electrolyte solutions can include: providing a first electrochemical balancing cell containing a membrane disposed between two half-cells, establishing fluid communication between a first aqueous electrolyte solution of a flow battery system and a first half-cell of the first electrochemical balancing cell, and applying a current to the first electrochemical balancing cell to change a concentration of one or more components in the first aqueous electrolyte solution. Applying the current causes water to migrate across the membrane, either to or from the first aqueous electrolyte solution, and a rate of water migration is a function of current.

Abstract: The invention concerns methods of determining the state of charge of a half-cell within a redox flow battery, the method comprising: (i) measuring the rate of change in equilibrium half-cell reduction potential of the electrolyte as charge is passed into the electrolyte solution within the cell; and (ii) correlating said rate of change in equilibrium half-cell reduction potential with the state of charge of said half-cell. Other aspects of the invention concern balancing the state of charge of a flow battery and methods of calibrating an oxidation/reduction probe.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of assessing a patient's risk of developing Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of assessing a patient's risk of developing Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of assessing a patient's risk of developing Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

Abstract: During operation of flow battery systems, the volume of one or more electrolyte solutions can change due to solvent loss processes. An electrochemical balancing cell can be used to combat volume variability. Methods for altering the volume of one or more electrolyte solutions can include: providing a first electrochemical balancing cell containing a membrane disposed between two half-cells, establishing fluid communication between a first aqueous electrolyte solution of a flow battery system and a first half-cell of the first electrochemical balancing cell, and applying a current to the first electrochemical balancing cell to change a concentration of one or more components in the first aqueous electrolyte solution. Applying the current causes water to migrate across the membrane, either to or from the first aqueous electrolyte solution, and a rate of water migration is a function of current.

Abstract: The invention concerns methods of determining the state of charge of a half-cell within a redox flow battery, the method comprising: (i) measuring the rate of change in equilibrium half-cell reduction potential of the electrolyte as charge is passed into the electrolyte solution within the cell; and (ii) correlating said rate of change in equilibrium half-cell reduction potential with the state of charge of said half-cell. Other aspects of the invention concern balancing the state of charge of a flow battery and methods of calibrating an oxidation/reduction probe.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of assessing a patient's risk of developing Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

Abstract: Methods, systems and kits to detect and/or quantify disease progression in a subject having a progressive form of MS are disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of assessing a patient's risk of developing Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains to our discovery that depositing various film layers in a particular order using a combination of Ion Metal Plasma (IMP) and traditional sputter deposition techniques with specific process conditions results in a barrier layer structure which provides excellent barrier properties and allows for metal/conductor filling of contact sizes down to 0.25 micron and smaller without junction spiking. Specifically, the film layers are deposited on a substrate in the following order: (a) a first layer of a barrier metal (M), deposited by IMP sputter deposition; (b) a second layer of an oxygen-stuffed barrier metal (MOx), an oxygen-stuffed nitride of a barrier metal (MNOx), or a combination thereof; (c) a third layer of a nitride of a barrier metal (MNx), deposited by IMP sputter deposition of the barrier metal in the presence of nitrogen; and (d) a fourth, wetting layer of a barrier metal, deposited by traditional sputter deposition.

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains to our discovery that depositing various film layers in a particular order using a combination of Ion Metal Plasma (IMP) and traditional sputter deposition techniques with specific process conditions results in a barrier layer structure which provides excellent barrier properties and allows for metal/conductor filling of contact sizes down to 0.25 micron and smaller without junction spiking. Specifically, the film layers are deposited on a substrate in the following order: (a) a first layer of a barrier metal (M), deposited by IMP sputter deposition; (b) a second layer of an oxygen-stuffed barrier metal (MOx), an oxygen-stuffed nitride of a barrier metal (MNOx), or a combination thereof; (c) a third layer of a nitride of a barrier metal (MN.sub.x), deposited by IMP sputter deposition of the barrier metal in the presence of nitrogen; and (d) a fourth, wetting layer of a barrier metal, deposited by traditional sputter deposition.