Abstract: A lithium-sulfur battery cell includes a cathode that includes sulfur, an anode that includes lithium metal; and a bilayer membrane interposed between the cathode and the anode. The bilayer membrane includes a mixed conduction membrane layer and a lithium ion-conducting polymer electrolyte layer where the lithium ion-conducting layer is interposed between the mixed conduction membrane layer and the anode.

Abstract: An electrode for a battery includes an iron-containing substrate and a cobalt ferrite layer disposed over the iron-containing substrate. Advantageously, the cobalt ferrite layer inhibits corrosion of the iron-containing substrate. A nickel hydroxide layer is disposed over the cobalt ferrite layer. A battery incorporating the electrode is also provided.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a positive electrode, a positive electrode electrolyte, a negative electrode, a negative electrode electrolyte, and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode electrolyte includes water and a first redox couple. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound which includes a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The first organic compound is reduced during discharge while during charging the reduction product of the first organic compound is oxidized to the first organic compound. The negative electrode electrolyte includes water and a second redox couple. The second couple includes a second organic compound including a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The reduction product of the second organic compound is oxidized to the second organic compound during discharge.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a positive electrode, a positive electrode electrolyte, a negative electrode, a negative electrode electrolyte, and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode electrolyte includes water and a first redox couple. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound which includes a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The first organic compound is reduced during discharge while during charging the reduction product of the first organic compound is oxidized to the first organic compound. The negative electrode electrolyte includes water and a second redox couple. The second couple includes a second organic compound including a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The reduction product of the second organic compound is oxidized to the second organic compound during discharge.

Abstract: A lithium-sulfur battery cell includes a cathode that includes sulfur, an anode that includes lithium metal; and a bilayer membrane interposed between the cathode and the anode. The bilayer membrane includes a mixed conduction membrane layer and a lithium ion-conducting polymer electrolyte layer where the lithium ion-conducting layer is interposed between the mixed conduction membrane layer and the anode.

Abstract: An electrode for a battery includes an iron-containing substrate and a cobalt ferrite layer disposed over the iron-containing substrate. Advantageously, the cobalt ferrite layer inhibits corrosion of the iron-containing substrate. A nickel hydroxide layer is disposed over the cobalt ferrite layer. A battery incorporating the electrode is also provided.

Abstract: An electrochemical device includes an electrolyte, a cathode contacting the electrolyte, and an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrode operating as an anode contacting the electrolyte. The OER electrode includes an iron-containing substrate and a layer that includes a metal-containing layer disposed over the iron-containing substrate. The metal-containing layer includes a metal and iron, the metal being selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, manganese, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: Quinones and related compounds for use in flow batteries are provided. Many of these compounds are found to mitigate the effects of crossover in a flow battery. Other structure for improving battery performance is provided.

Abstract: Quinones and related compounds for use in flow batteries are provided. Many of these compounds are found to mitigate the effects of crossover in a flow battery. Other structure for improving battery performance is provided.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a positive electrode, a positive electrode electrolyte, a negative electrode, a negative electrode electrolyte, and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode electrolyte includes water and a first redox couple. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound which includes a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The first organic compound is reduced during discharge while during charging the reduction product of the first organic compound is oxidized to the first organic compound. The negative electrode electrolyte includes water and a second redox couple. The second couple includes a second organic compound including a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The reduction product of the second organic compound is oxidized to the second organic compound during discharge.

Abstract: A compound having formula I that is useful for C?O reduction is provided: wherein: M is a transition metal; X1, X2 are each independently a counterion; and R1, R2, R3 are each independently H, C1-6 alkyl, C6-15 aryl, or C6-15 heteroaryl.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a positive electrode, a positive electrode electrolyte, a negative electrode, a negative electrode electrolyte, and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode electrolyte includes water and a first redox couple. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound which includes a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The first organic compound is reduced during discharge while during charging the reduction product of the first organic compound is oxidized to the first organic compound. The negative electrode electrolyte includes water and a second redox couple. The second couple includes a second organic compound including a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The reduction product of the second organic compound is oxidized to the second organic compound during discharge.

Abstract: Quinones and related compounds for use in flow batteries are provided. Many of these compounds are found to mitigate the effects of crossover in a flow battery. Other structure for improving battery performance is provided.

Abstract: A compound having formula I that is useful for C?O reduction is provided: wherein: M is a transition metal; X1, X2 are each independently a counterion; and R1, R2, R3 are each independently H, C1-6 alkyl, C6-15 aryl, or C6-15 heteroaryl.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a positive electrode, a positive electrode electrolyte, a negative electrode, a negative electrode electrolyte, and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode electrolyte includes water and a first redox couple. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound which includes a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The first organic compound is reduced during discharge while during charging the reduction product of the first organic compound is oxidized to the first organic compound. The negative electrode electrolyte includes water and a second redox couple. The second couple includes a second organic compound including a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The reduction product of the second organic compound is oxidized to the second organic compound during discharge.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a positive electrode, a positive electrode electrolyte, a negative electrode, a negative electrode electrolyte, and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode electrolyte includes water and a first redox couple. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound which includes a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The first organic compound is reduced during discharge while during charging the reduction product of the first organic compound is oxidized to the first organic compound. The negative electrode electrolyte includes water and a second redox couple. The second couple includes a second organic compound including a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The reduction product of the second organic compound is oxidized to the second organic compound during discharge.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a positive electrode, a positive electrode electrolyte, a negative electrode, a negative electrode electrolyte, and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode electrolyte includes water and a first redox couple. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound which includes a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The first organic compound is reduced during discharge while during charging the reduction product of the first organic compound is oxidized to the first organic compound. The negative electrode electrolyte includes water and a second redox couple. The second couple includes a second organic compound including a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The reduction product of the second organic compound is oxidized to the second organic compound during discharge.