Abstract: The present disclosure relates to novel methods and apparatuses for generating hydrogen sulfide or hydrogen selenide gas from decomposition of a solid precursor. In some embodiments, the generated gas is cooled so as to condense a by-product of the decomposition and thereby increasing the purity of the gas. In some embodiments, the generated hydrogen sulfide or hydrogen selenide gas is used to prepare metal sulfide or metal selenide films.

Abstract: A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) having a nano-tubular patterned structure and having solid (instead of porous) electrode layers is provided. Increased mechanical strength is provided by the use of solid electrode layers. The electrode layers are sufficiently thin to permit the flow of reactants to the electrolyte. The nano-tubular pattern includes multiple closed-end tubes and increase the reaction area to volume ratio of the MEA. The nano-tubular pattern also serves to increase mechanical strength, especially in a preferred honey-comb like arrangement of the closed-end tubes. A catalyst is preferably disposed on the anode and cathode surfaces of the MEA, and is preferably in the form of separated catalyst islands in order to increase reaction area. MEAs according to the invention can be fabricated by layer deposition on a patterned template. Atomic layer deposition is a preferred deposition technique.

Abstract: An ocular implant is provided with a substrate and a membranous tissue layer secured to the substrate. Cells such as IPE cells, RPE cells and stem cells are attached on the surface of the membranous tissue layer either in situ or in vivo through cells transplantation. The cells are separated into regions on the surface by creating a pattern on the surface enclosing regions for receiving the cells. The substrate is a bioabsorbable and/or polymeric substrate. Examples of membranous tissue layer are lens capsule, inner limiting membrane, corneal tissue, Bruch's membrane tissue, amniotic membrane tissue, serosal membrane tissue, mucosal membrane tissue and neurological tissue. The membranous tissue layer could have a micropattern of biomolecules. A microfluidic network could be placed onto the microfabricated membranous tissue layer.