Abstract: The invention provides compounds, and methods of using those compounds to treat neurodegenerative diseases.

Abstract: A method for detecting a neurological disease the method comprising isolating brain tissue from its natural environment, contacting the brain tissue with a labeled molecule which binds to multiple sites of stacked proteins associated with neurodegenerative disease, determining the binding of the labeled molecule; and thereby determining a neurodegenerative disease associated with the brain tissue.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting propagation of protein misfolding associated with a neurological disease, is carried out by contacting an environment populated with a propagating amyloid conformation of a protein (prion) associated with a neurological disease with molecules which binds multiple adjacent sites of the protein assemblies and allowing the molecules to bind multiple cites of the protein assemblies; and thereby impeding propagation of the disease-associated conformation of the protein in the environment. Drug/prion complexes are formed and uses of the drugs in detection and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are disclosed.

Abstract: An assay is disclosed based on the successful transmission of DLB, and to a much lesser extent PD, to cultured HEK cells expressing the A53T and E46K point mutation. DLB prion activity was achieved by treatment of brain homogenates with detergent extraction and limited proteolysis followed by polyoxometalate precipitation of the prions. The results show the MSA strain of ?-synuclein prions differs from those causing PD and DLB. Manipulating dominant negative inhibition of ?-synuclein prions has created a new approach to identifying novel prions and deciphering the features of their multiplication.

Abstract: An entire complement or plurality of isotopically labeled amino acids are introduced into the diet of a test subject. Sufficient amounts of the isotopically labeled amino acids are provided to the subject in order to ensure that the subject incorporates a large percentage of isotopically labeled amino acids into newly synthesized proteins. Tissue samples are removed from the subject at different points in time and proteins are extracted and separated so that different proteins of different tissues can be individually analyzed and their amount and pattern of isotopic labeling can be determined. In a preferred embodiment, the methodology can be combined with proteolytic digestion to peptides and analysis by mass spectrometry in order to measure rates of protein turnover in vivo relating to thousands of different proteins.

Abstract: Described herein are novel compositions and methods of treatment addressing diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, including prion diseases and Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract: An entire complement or plurality of isotopically labeled amino acids are introduced into the diet of a test subject. Sufficient amounts of the isotopically labeled amino acids are provided to the subject in order to ensure that the subject incorporates a large percentage of isotopically labeled amino acids into newly synthesized proteins. Tissue samples are removed from the subject at different points in time and proteins are extracted and separated so that different proteins of different tissues can be individually analyzed and their amount and pattern of isotopic labeling can be determined. In a preferred embodiment, the methodology can be combined with proteolytic digestion to peptides and analysis by mass spectrometry in order to measure rates of protein turnover in vivo relating to thousands of different proteins.

Abstract: Peptide sequences that specifically bind infectious prion protein for the generation of antibodies and therapeutic agents are disclosed herein.

Abstract: An antiseptic composition useful in destroying the infectivity of infectious proteins such as prions is disclosed. The antiseptic composition is preferably maintained at either a low pH of 4.0 or less or a high pH of 10.0 or more either of which allows for an environment under which the active component (which is preferably sodium dodecyl sulfate) destroys infectivity. The composition may be added to blood, blood products, collagen, tissues and organs prior to transplantation. The composition also may be added to livestock feed to denature any prions in the livestock. Methods of denaturing infectious proteins are also disclosed which method can use but do not require higher temperatures and long period of exposure.

Abstract: An antiseptic composition useful in destroying the infectivity of infectious proteins such as prions is disclosed. The antiseptic composition is preferably maintained at either a low pH of 4.0 or less or a high pH of 10.0 or more either of which allows for an environment under which the active component (which is preferably sodium dodecyl sulfate) destroys infectivity. The composition may be added to blood, blood products, collagen, tissues and organs prior to transplantation. The composition also may be added to livestock feed to denature any prions in the livestock. Methods of denaturing infectious proteins are also disclosed which method can use but do not require higher temperatures and long period of exposure.

Abstract: A method of preparing a sample of muscle tissue and of assaying the prepared sample to determine the presence of prions in the sample is disclosed. The muscle tissue is homogenized and mixed with a complexing agent which forms a complex with a higher specific gravity than PrPSc, the complexing agent or other components of the homogenate. Gravity is then used (e.g. ultra centrifugation) to concentrate the complex and the concentrate is assayed to detect prions. The muscle tissue is preferably extracted from a muscle or group of muscles such as hind limb muscle which have a higher or more preferably the highest concentration of prions as compared to other muscle in the mammal.

Abstract: An assay method is disclosed which isolates and detects the presence of a disease related conformation of a protein (e.g., PrPSc) present in a sample also containing the non-disease related conformation of the protein (e.g., PrPC). The sample is treated (e.g., contacted with protease) in a manner which hydrolyzes the disease related conformation and not the non-disease related conformation. The treated sample is contacted with a binding partner (e.g., a labeled antibody which binds PrPSc) and the occurrence of binding provides and indication that PrPSc is present. Alternatively the PrPSc of the treated sample is denatured (e.g., contacted with guanadine) or unfolded. The unfolded PrPSc is contacted with a binding partner and the occurrence of binding indicates the presence of PrPSc in the sample.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a method for producing mammalian therapeutics free from prion contamination and cells for use in such methods. Such therapeutics are produced in somatic cells having a genome with an artificially altered PrP gene. The PrP gene in these cells may be ablated, or replaced by an exogenous inducible form of the PrP gene. The endogenous gene in the host cells may be disrupted, or disrupted and replaced by an exogenous PrP gene.

Abstract: A sample is prepared from blood in a manner which makes it possible to further analyze proteins in the sample, e.g. to detect prions in the sample. Blood is extracted, allowed to clot and subjected to separation processing (e.g. centrifugation) to obtain serum. The serum is treated with a complexing agent which agent binds prions in the sample forming an agent/protein complex which makes it possible to concentrate the complex. Concentration of the complex results in a sample which can be successfully analyzed, e.g. assayed using a range of different types of assay methodologies for detecting prions.

Abstract: The present invention provides antibodies that specifically bind with a high degree of binding affinity to a native ungulate PrPC and/or a denatured ungulate PrPSc, but not to a native ungulate PrPSc. Preferred antibodies find native bovine PrPC and treated PrPSc but not native bovine PrPSc and can be used in an assay to determine if a sample is infected with infectious prions, i.e. PrPSc.

Abstract: A method of isolating and detecting the presence of a disease related conformation of a protein (e.g., PrPSc) is disclosed. The sample is treated such as by contacting it with a protease and then contacting the treated sample with a binding partner which binds the PrPSc which can be isolated and separated from the sample.

Abstract: Antibodies are disclosed which specifically bind to native PrPSc in situ. Preferred antibodies bind only to the native PrPSc of a particular species e.g., human, cow, sheep, pig, etc. Particularly preferred antibodies bind specifically to a particular isoform of human PrPSc. Preferred antibodies of the invention are (1) produced by phage display methodology, (2) bind specifically to native PrPSc, (3) neutralizes the infectivity of prions, (4) bind to PrPSc in situ and (5) bind 50% or more of PrPSc in a liquid flowable sample. Antibodies of the invention can be bound to a substrate and used to assay a sample (which has any PrPc denatured via proteinase K) for the presence of PrPSc of a specific species which PrPSc is associated with disease. Antibodies which specifically bind to human PrPSc can be labeled and injected carrying out an in vivo diagnostic test to determine if the human is infected with prions associated with disease.

Abstract: The invention provides prion protein standards for use as reference materials for prion detection. The standard may be species specific, i.e. the standard is comprised of a preparation for detection of a single strain prion or it may be prepared to allow detection of multiple prion strains simultaneously. The invention also provides methods of preparing the prion protein standards using a group of non-human host mammals which have their genome manipulated with respect to genetic material related to a PrP gene such that the mammals are susceptible to infection with a prion which generally only infects an animal which is genetically diverse from the host.

Abstract: Devices such as flow through columns, substrates such as spherical polymer beads, and methods of using such to remove prions from any liquid sample are disclosed. A surface of a substrate is coated with a prion complexing agent, such as a salt of phosphotungstic acid. Blood or plasma passing through a column containing beads coated with prion complexing agent are rendered prion free.

Abstract: An assay method is disclosed which isolates and detects the presence of a disease related conformation of a protein (e.g., PrPSc) present in a sample also containing the non-disease related conformation of the protein (e.g., PrPC). The sample is treated (e.g., contacted with protease) in a manner which hydrolyzes the disease related conformation and not the non-disease related conformation. The treated sample is contacted with a binding partner (e.g., a labeled antibody which binds PrPSc) and the occurrence of binding provides and indication that PrPSc is present. Alternatively the PrPSc of the treated sample is denatured (e.g., contacted with guanadine) or unfolded. The unfolded PrPSc is contacted with a binding partner and the occurrence of binding indicates the presence of PrPSc in the sample.