Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods of treating or ameliorating hepatic encephalopathy (HE), including assessing the severity of HE in a patient suffering from HE, or the determining the presence or occurrence of an overt hepatic encephalopathy event. In particular, some aspects of the methods use a novel Hepatic Encephalopathy Staging Tool (HEST), which includes a set of criteria to categorize the HE into different stages and provide guidance on effective treatments based on the severity of the HE. Other aspects of the methods use an Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy Screening Tool (O-HEST) to determine whether an OHE event is occurring or has occurred and provide guidance on proper medical attention and change in treatment.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the present application are directed to oral formulations of L-ornithine phenylacetate and methods of using the same. These oral formulations offer alternative administration route than the standard intravenous administration of L-ornithine phenylacetate for treating hyperammonemia in patients having various acute and chronic liver diseases and disorders, for example, acute liver failure, liver cirrhosis, liver decompensation, portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, or patients with urea cycle disorders.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the present application are directed to oral formulations of L-ornithine phenylacetate and methods of using the same. These oral formulations offer alternative administration route than the standard intravenous administration of L-ornithine phenylacetate for treating hyperammonemia in patients having various acute and chronic liver diseases and disorders, for example, acute liver failure, liver cirrhosis, liver decompensation, portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, or patients with urea cycle disorders.