Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, an emitter follower-based or source follower-based driver is coupled to drive a silicon-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer optical modulator. In one embodiment, the emitter/source follower includes a pair of transistors that drive a differential electrical data signal to a pair of phase shifters in the optical modulator. In other embodiments, a pair of current source transistors provides an extra current for the differential electrical data signal.

Abstract: Briefly, a system that may facilitate system and line loop back diagnostic operations.

Abstract: A continuous boiling apparatus (1) for organic materials, e.g., fish or offal from abattoirs, comprises at least one annular boiling zone (15) with an inlet opening (13) for the raw material and a discharge opening (4) for the heat-treated raw material. The annular boiling zone (15) is defined by circular, con-centric heating plates (5), each made up of circular, con-centric parts (6, 7) between which a heating medium is introduced (8). In the boiling zone (15) there are provided a number of feeding elements (10) with self-regulating scrapers (16) which lie up against heating surfaces (6) and divide the boiling zone (15) into sub-zones.