Abstract: A method, including: determining a charging resistance ratio as a ratio of a maximum cell charging resistance of a battery cell among a plurality of battery cells and an average cell charging resistance of the battery cells, determined in response to an applied charging current; and/or determining a discharging resistance ratio as a ratio of a maximum cell discharging resistance of a battery cell among the battery cells and an average cell discharging resistance of the battery cells, determined in response to an applied discharging current; and determining the battery system is in a degraded ageing state when at least one of the charging resistance ratio and/or the discharging resistance ratio is above a threshold value; and determining the battery system is in a non-degraded ageing state when none of the charging resistance ratio and/or the discharging resistance ratio is above the threshold value.

Abstract: A battery system includes: a plurality of battery cells electrically connected to each other in series between a first node and a second node; an intermediate node dividing the plurality of battery cells into a first subset of battery cells and a second subset of battery cells; a step-down converter connected in parallel with the plurality of battery cells between the first node and the second node and having an output node; a first diode, an anode of which is connected to the intermediate node and a cathode of which is connected to the output node; and a control unit interconnected between the output node and the first node and configured to control the step-down converter.

Abstract: In a method for determining the support of an energy content and a power of a battery for an electric vehicle, the method includes: measuring a voltage of the battery; comparing the voltage of the battery with a predetermined threshold voltage and determining whether or not the voltage is equal to or larger than the predetermined threshold voltage; determining an internal resistance of the battery; comparing the internal resistance of the battery with a predetermined threshold resistance and determining whether or not the internal resistance is equal to or less than the predetermined threshold resistance; and determining the energy content and the power of a battery of an electric vehicle is supported in response to both the voltage being equal to or larger than the predetermined threshold voltage and the internal resistance being equal to or less than the predetermined threshold resistance.

Abstract: A battery system includes: a plurality of battery cells electrically connected to each other in series between a first node and a second node; an intermediate node dividing the plurality of battery cells into a first subset of battery cells and a second subset of battery cells; a step-down converter connected in parallel with the plurality of battery cells between the first node and the second node and having an output node; a first diode, an anode of which is connected to the intermediate node and a cathode of which is connected to the output node; and a control unit interconnected between the output node and the first node and configured to control the step-down converter.