Abstract: In various embodiments, a method is provided. The method may include forming a buried electrically charged region at a predefined position in a first layer in such a way that the buried electrically charged region generates an electric field having a lateral inhomogeneous field distribution above the first layer, and forming a second layer above the first layer using the field distribution in such a way that a structure of the second layer correlates with the position of the buried electrically charged region.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a method is provided. The method may include forming a buried electrically charged region at a predefined position in a first layer in such a way that the buried electrically charged region generates an electric field having a lateral inhomogeneous field distribution above the first layer, and forming a second layer above the first layer using the field distribution in such a way that a structure of the second layer correlates with the position of the buried electrically charged region.

Abstract: A device for supplying cell culture modules with nutrients has an arrangement of channels, pumps and valves in or on a plate. The valves may be pinch valves operated by deforming an elastic cover over a solid body and the pump may be a pinch valve pump. The channels may be defined, at least in part, by the plate. The pumps, channels and valves may be located within the thickness of the plate and the cover. The device may be used to supply nutrients to cell culture modules according to a perfusion operation, a re-circulation operation and/or a combination of both. A pump may comprise a generally rigid solid body and a seal. The solid body may wholly or partially define an inlet channel, a plenum and an outlet channel. A port between the inlet channel and the plenum is covered by the seal. A surface of the plenum is deformable. Deforming the surface forces liquid in the plenum to push the seal to cover the inlet channel port and to flow through the outlet channel.